13 research outputs found

    Collecting multiple purposes assigned to the environment in order to assess vulnerability and resilience : The case of the Nam Lik watershed in Lao PDR

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    Le Laos est un pays enclavĂ© et faiblement peuplĂ© qui se trouve aujourd’hui, aprĂšs plusieurs dĂ©cennies de conflits liĂ©es Ă  la dĂ©colonisation et Ă  la guerre froide, au cƓur d’un processus d’intĂ©gration Ă©conomique rĂ©gionale. Une croissance Ă©conomique trĂšs rapide, soutenue par le dĂ©veloppement massif des infrastructures de transport et d'exploitation des ressources naturelles, a des consĂ©quences aussi importantes que diffĂ©renciĂ©es sur les populations et leurs moyens d’existence. Les concepts de rĂ©silience et de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© employĂ©s dans diffĂ©rentes disciplines pour analyser et gĂ©rer des dynamiques sociales et Ă©cologiques face Ă  des changements rapides et incertains. Parfois mis en opposition ou imbriquĂ©s, ces deux concepts s’insĂšrent dans une diversitĂ© de cadres d’analyse des relations sociĂ©tĂ©-environnement. Si l’ensemble des travaux Ă©tudiĂ©s soulignent la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’employer de multiples Ă©chelles d’analyse pour prendre en compte la complexitĂ© des phĂ©nomĂšnes Ă©tudiĂ©s, ils n’évaluent cependant pas la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© et la rĂ©silience aux mĂȘmes niveaux : certains sont centrĂ©s sur les acteurs, tandis que d’autres considĂšrent des systĂšmes socioĂ©cologiques englobants. Or, les enjeux considĂ©rĂ©s comme prioritaires par les auteurs influencent l’échelle et les limites du systĂšme dont est Ă©valuĂ©e la rĂ©silience ou la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©. En amont d’un tel diagnostic, il semble donc nĂ©cessaire d’identifier les enjeux de rĂ©silience et de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© que l’on souhaite aborder. Mais cette tĂąche dĂ©passe selon nous les compĂ©tences des seuls scientifiques, et doit ĂȘtre ouverte Ă  d’autres acteurs. La question est alors : comment peut-on prendre en compte des points de vue multiples dans la conceptualisation du systĂšme Ă  Ă©valuer ? Pour cela, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel qui considĂšre un systĂšme socioĂ©cologique Ă  la fois comme une reprĂ©sentation particuliĂšre de l’environnement construite par un acteur, et comme un ensemble finalisĂ© d’élĂ©ments, organisĂ© en une hiĂ©rarchie de niveaux d’observation, rĂ©pondant chacun Ă  une finalitĂ©, ou fonction. Nous avons alors Ă©laborĂ© et testĂ© une dĂ©marche visant Ă  recueillir les reprĂ©sentations systĂ©miques qu’ont diffĂ©rents acteurs de leur environnement, c’est-Ă - dire la façon dont ils structurent un systĂšme socioĂ©cologique qui fait sens pour eux, en fonction des finalitĂ©s qu’ils assignent Ă  leur environnement. Cette dĂ©marche a Ă©tĂ© testĂ©e dans le bassin versant de la riviĂšre Nam Lik, district de Fuang, province de Vientiane, qui abrite depuis 2010 le barrage hydroĂ©lectrique de Nam Lik 1-2. Une sĂ©rie d’ateliers ont Ă©tĂ© organisĂ©s auprĂšs d’habitants de la zone d'Ă©tude, d’employĂ©s de l’administration locale et d’enseignants de l’universitĂ© nationale du Laos. En amont d’un Ă©ventuel diagnostic de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© ou de la rĂ©silience du terrain d'Ă©tude, la thĂšse propose donc une rĂ©flexion sur les diffĂ©rents cadrages possibles de ces concepts, et sur les mĂ©thodes permettant de les recueillir auprĂšs d’acteurs multiples.Lao PDR is a landlocked country with low population density, which stands nowadays in a process of regional economic integration, after suffering wars related to decolonization and Cold War during several decades. A very fast economic growth, based on the development of infrastructures of transport and natural resource exploitation, has led to large differentiated impacts on populations and their resource based livelihoods. The concepts of resilience and vulnerability have been used in different disciplines to analyze and manage the dynamics of geographical areas and social groups facing rapid and uncertain changes. Both concepts are used within a variety of frameworks of analysis of society-environment relationships. While all reviewed frameworks take into account multiple scales of analysis in order to tackle the complexity of the studied phenomena, they do not, however, assess vulnerability and resilience at the same scales. In particular, some frameworks are actor-centered, while others are system-centered. The scale and limit of the socioecological system whose resilience or vulnerability is assessed depend on the issues that the authors want to tackle. Before such an assessment, it seems necessary to identify the issues of resilience and vulnerability that we want to address. This task should not be taken over by scientists alone, but by other stakeholders as well. The question is: how can we incorporate multiple viewpoints in the system design? For this, our framework considers a socioecological system both as a specific representation of the environment offered by a stakeholder, and as a set of elements contributing to one function. This system is organized in a hierarchy of levels of observation, in which each level corresponds to an intermediary function. We developed and tested a process to collect system representations of the environment from various stakeholders, that is to say, the way they structure a socioecological system that makes sense to them, according to the purposes that they assign to their environment. This approach has been tested in the catchment area of the Nam Lik river, Fuang district, Vientiane province, where the Nam Lik 1-2 hydropower dam was built in 2010. A series of workshops were held with residents of the study area, employees of local government and Lao National University teachers. At the earliest stage of a vulnerability or resilience assessment in the field study, this thesis proposes a reflection on the possible framings of these concepts, as well as methods to collect them from multiple stakeholders

    Le recueil de multiples finalités de l'environnement en amont d'un diagnostic de vulnérabilité et de résilience : Application à un bassin versant au Laos

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    Lao PDR is a landlocked country with low population density, which stands nowadays in a process of regional economic integration, after suffering wars related to decolonization and Cold War during several decades. A very fast economic growth, based on the development of infrastructures of transport and natural resource exploitation, has led to large differentiated impacts on populations and their resource based livelihoods. The concepts of resilience and vulnerability have been used in different disciplines to analyze and manage the dynamics of geographical areas and social groups facing rapid and uncertain changes. Both concepts are used within a variety of frameworks of analysis of society-environment relationships. While all reviewed frameworks take into account multiple scales of analysis in order to tackle the complexity of the studied phenomena, they do not, however, assess vulnerability and resilience at the same scales. In particular, some frameworks are actor-centered, while others are system-centered. The scale and limit of the socioecological system whose resilience or vulnerability is assessed depend on the issues that the authors want to tackle. Before such an assessment, it seems necessary to identify the issues of resilience and vulnerability that we want to address. This task should not be taken over by scientists alone, but by other stakeholders as well. The question is: how can we incorporate multiple viewpoints in the system design? For this, our framework considers a socioecological system both as a specific representation of the environment offered by a stakeholder, and as a set of elements contributing to one function. This system is organized in a hierarchy of levels of observation, in which each level corresponds to an intermediary function. We developed and tested a process to collect system representations of the environment from various stakeholders, that is to say, the way they structure a socioecological system that makes sense to them, according to the purposes that they assign to their environment. This approach has been tested in the catchment area of the Nam Lik river, Fuang district, Vientiane province, where the Nam Lik 1-2 hydropower dam was built in 2010. A series of workshops were held with residents of the study area, employees of local government and Lao National University teachers. At the earliest stage of a vulnerability or resilience assessment in the field study, this thesis proposes a reflection on the possible framings of these concepts, as well as methods to collect them from multiple stakeholders.Le Laos est un pays enclavĂ© et faiblement peuplĂ© qui se trouve aujourd’hui, aprĂšs plusieurs dĂ©cennies de conflits liĂ©es Ă  la dĂ©colonisation et Ă  la guerre froide, au cƓur d’un processus d’intĂ©gration Ă©conomique rĂ©gionale. Une croissance Ă©conomique trĂšs rapide, soutenue par le dĂ©veloppement massif des infrastructures de transport et d'exploitation des ressources naturelles, a des consĂ©quences aussi importantes que diffĂ©renciĂ©es sur les populations et leurs moyens d’existence. Les concepts de rĂ©silience et de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© employĂ©s dans diffĂ©rentes disciplines pour analyser et gĂ©rer des dynamiques sociales et Ă©cologiques face Ă  des changements rapides et incertains. Parfois mis en opposition ou imbriquĂ©s, ces deux concepts s’insĂšrent dans une diversitĂ© de cadres d’analyse des relations sociĂ©tĂ©-environnement. Si l’ensemble des travaux Ă©tudiĂ©s soulignent la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’employer de multiples Ă©chelles d’analyse pour prendre en compte la complexitĂ© des phĂ©nomĂšnes Ă©tudiĂ©s, ils n’évaluent cependant pas la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© et la rĂ©silience aux mĂȘmes niveaux : certains sont centrĂ©s sur les acteurs, tandis que d’autres considĂšrent des systĂšmes socioĂ©cologiques englobants. Or, les enjeux considĂ©rĂ©s comme prioritaires par les auteurs influencent l’échelle et les limites du systĂšme dont est Ă©valuĂ©e la rĂ©silience ou la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©. En amont d’un tel diagnostic, il semble donc nĂ©cessaire d’identifier les enjeux de rĂ©silience et de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© que l’on souhaite aborder. Mais cette tĂąche dĂ©passe selon nous les compĂ©tences des seuls scientifiques, et doit ĂȘtre ouverte Ă  d’autres acteurs. La question est alors : comment peut-on prendre en compte des points de vue multiples dans la conceptualisation du systĂšme Ă  Ă©valuer ? Pour cela, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel qui considĂšre un systĂšme socioĂ©cologique Ă  la fois comme une reprĂ©sentation particuliĂšre de l’environnement construite par un acteur, et comme un ensemble finalisĂ© d’élĂ©ments, organisĂ© en une hiĂ©rarchie de niveaux d’observation, rĂ©pondant chacun Ă  une finalitĂ©, ou fonction. Nous avons alors Ă©laborĂ© et testĂ© une dĂ©marche visant Ă  recueillir les reprĂ©sentations systĂ©miques qu’ont diffĂ©rents acteurs de leur environnement, c’est-Ă - dire la façon dont ils structurent un systĂšme socioĂ©cologique qui fait sens pour eux, en fonction des finalitĂ©s qu’ils assignent Ă  leur environnement. Cette dĂ©marche a Ă©tĂ© testĂ©e dans le bassin versant de la riviĂšre Nam Lik, district de Fuang, province de Vientiane, qui abrite depuis 2010 le barrage hydroĂ©lectrique de Nam Lik 1-2. Une sĂ©rie d’ateliers ont Ă©tĂ© organisĂ©s auprĂšs d’habitants de la zone d'Ă©tude, d’employĂ©s de l’administration locale et d’enseignants de l’universitĂ© nationale du Laos. En amont d’un Ă©ventuel diagnostic de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© ou de la rĂ©silience du terrain d'Ă©tude, la thĂšse propose donc une rĂ©flexion sur les diffĂ©rents cadrages possibles de ces concepts, et sur les mĂ©thodes permettant de les recueillir auprĂšs d’acteurs multiples

    Cadres théoriques mobilisant les concepts de résilience et de vulnérabilité

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    The concepts of resilience and vulnerability have been used in different disciplines to analyze and manage the dynamics of geographical areas and social groups facing rapid and uncertain changes. Both concepts are used within a variety of frameworks of analysis of society-environment relationships. This article aims to review the different analytical frameworks and their respective contributions to the analysis of the interactions between social and ecological dynamics. While all reviewed frameworks take into account the interactions of individuals with their environment, they do not, however, assess the vulnerability and resilience at the same scales. In particular, some frameworks are actor-centered, while others are system-centered. We propose a framework which reconciles these two approaches. This framework considers a socioecosystem both as a specific representation of the environment offered by a stakeholder, and as a set of elements contributing to one final function, and organized in a hierarchy of levels of observation, in which each level corresponds to an intermediary function. We propose a participatory approach to confront the systemic representations that have been built by different actors about their environment, and in particular to confront the functions that have been assigned within these representations to the different levels of observation. This process is not intended to lead to a shared vision of an area and its functions, but rather to discuss the potential complementarity of the issues and stakes presented by different actors, before any further assessment of the vulnerability and resilience of the study area to specific changes

    Cadres théoriques mobilisant les concepts de résilience et de vulnérabilité

    No full text
    The concepts of resilience and vulnerability have been used in different disciplines to analyze and manage the dynamics of geographical areas and social groups facing rapid and uncertain changes. Both concepts are used within a variety of frameworks of analysis of society-environment relationships. This article aims to review the different analytical frameworks and their respective contributions to the analysis of the interactions between social and ecological dynamics. While all reviewed frameworks take into account the interactions of individuals with their environment, they do not, however, assess the vulnerability and resilience at the same scales. In particular, some frameworks are actor-centered, while others are system-centered. We propose a framework which reconciles these two approaches. This framework considers a socioecosystem both as a specific representation of the environment offered by a stakeholder, and as a set of elements contributing to one final function, and organized in a hierarchy of levels of observation, in which each level corresponds to an intermediary function. We propose a participatory approach to confront the systemic representations that have been built by different actors about their environment, and in particular to confront the functions that have been assigned within these representations to the different levels of observation. This process is not intended to lead to a shared vision of an area and its functions, but rather to discuss the potential complementarity of the issues and stakes presented by different actors, before any further assessment of the vulnerability and resilience of the study area to specific changes

    La construction d’un zonage agricole multi-enjeux : une dĂ©marche exploratoire

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    International audienceEn matiĂšre de transition agro-environnementale, l'action publique s'appuie sur des zonages dont la multiplication peut conduire Ă  un manque de lisibilitĂ© et de cohĂ©rence. Le ministĂšre de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation a donc commandĂ© une Ă©tude visant Ă  proposer une mĂ©thode de construction d'un zonage agricole « multi-enjeux », basĂ© sur le potentiel agro-environnemental des territoires et mobilisant essentiellement des variables liĂ©es au milieu. Cette note prĂ©sente les principaux rĂ©sultats de ce travail exploratoire rĂ©alisĂ© par le cabinet Épices en collaboration avec l'Observatoire du dĂ©veloppement rural (ODR-Inrae)

    Changement climatique et ressource en eau en Himalaya: EnquĂȘtes auprĂšs de villageois dans quatre unitĂ©s gĂ©ographiques du bassin de la Koshi, NĂ©pal

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    International audienceEn Himalaya, oĂč la hausse des tempĂ©ratures est plus Ă©levĂ©e que la moyenne mondiale, les rĂ©percussions du changement climatique sur la ressource en eau devraient ĂȘtre particuliĂšrement importantes. Tandis que les spĂ©cialistes du climat utilisant mesures et simulations nuancent ce constat en soulignant incertitudes et diffĂ©rences notoires entre l’ouest et l’est de la chaĂźne, mĂ©dias et organismes de dĂ©veloppement tendent Ă  donner l’image uniforme d’un dĂ©ficit en eau actuel et Ă  venir. Dans le cadre d’un programme interdisciplinaire (glaciologie, hydrologie, agronomie, gĂ©ographie) sur le bassin de la Koshi au NĂ©pal, nous discutons ces propos en montrant la nĂ©cessitĂ© de distinguer les situations en fonction des unitĂ©s gĂ©ographiques et d’intĂ©grer dans les approches sur ce sujet le contexte culturel, social et Ă©conomique. Nos enquĂȘtes, rĂ©alisĂ©es sur quatre terrains reprĂ©sentatifs des milieux nĂ©palais, ont eu pour objectif de savoir si les populations constataient des variations de la ressource en eau affectant leurs pratiques (agriculture, Ă©levage, tourisme) et si elles les attribuaient Ă  des changements du climat. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent des situations contrastĂ©es et des changements de pratiques sans relation Ă©vidente avec le climat. Ils apportent, entre autres, des informations sur la neige, paramĂštre mal mesurĂ© et sous-estimĂ© dans les simulations et montrent que les populations sont plus affectĂ©es par les fluctuations des rĂ©gimes pluviomĂ©triques que par la fonte des glaciers et du manteau neigeux. Enfin, ils mettent en exergue les unitĂ©s gĂ©ographiques et les groupes de population les plus susceptibles d’ĂȘtre affectĂ©s par des variations climatiques

    Climate change and water resources in the Himalayas: Field study in four geographic units of the Koshi basin, Nepal

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    Cet article est une traduction de : Changement climatique et ressource en eau en Himalaya [http://journals.openedition.org/rga/2850]International audienceIn the Himalayas, where the increase in temperatures is higher than the world average, climate change is expected to impact water resources in a particularly significant manner. Whereas climate specialists using measurements and simulations play down this statement by underlining uncertainties and differences between the west and east of the range, the media and development agencies tend to paint a uniform picture of a water shortage now and in the future. As part of an interdisciplinary programme (glaciology, hydrology, agronomy, geography) in the Koshi basin in Nepal, we discuss these remarks, while stressing the need to distinguish between situations according to the geographical units and to take into account the cultural, social and economic context when addressing this subject. The investigations that we carried out at four fieldwork sites, which are representative of Nepalese milieus, aimed to find out whether populations noticed any variations in water resources that affected their practices (farming, livestock breeding, tourism) and if they attributed them to climate change. Our results show contrasting situations and changes in practices with no obvious connection to the climate. Among other things, they provide information about snow, a parameter that has been measured incorrectly and underestimated in simulations, and they show that populations are more affected by fluctuations in rainfall patterns than by the melting of glaciers and the snow cover. Lastly, they highlight the geographical units and population groups most likely to be affected by climatic variations.En Himalaya, oĂč la hausse des tempĂ©ratures est plus Ă©levĂ©e que la moyenne mondiale, les rĂ©percussions du changement climatique sur la ressource en eau devraient ĂȘtre particuliĂšrement importantes. Tandis que les spĂ©cialistes du climat utilisant mesures et simulations nuancent ce constat en soulignant incertitudes et diffĂ©rences notoires entre l’ouest et l’est de la chaĂźne, mĂ©dias et organismes de dĂ©veloppement tendent Ă  donner l’image uniforme d’un dĂ©ficit en eau actuel et Ă  venir. Dans le cadre d’un programme interdisciplinaire (glaciologie, hydrologie, agronomie, gĂ©ographie) sur le bassin de la Koshi au NĂ©pal, nous discutons ces propos en montrant la nĂ©cessitĂ© de distinguer les situations en fonction des unitĂ©s gĂ©ographiques et d’intĂ©grer dans les approches sur ce sujet le contexte culturel, social et Ă©conomique. Nos enquĂȘtes, rĂ©alisĂ©es sur quatre terrains reprĂ©sentatifs des milieux nĂ©palais, ont eu pour objectif de savoir si les populations constataient des variations de la ressource en eau affectant leurs pratiques (agriculture, Ă©levage, tourisme) et si elles les attribuaient Ă  des changements du climat. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent des situations contrastĂ©es et des changements de pratiques sans relation Ă©vidente avec le climat. Ils apportent, entre autres, des informations sur la neige, paramĂštre mal mesurĂ© et sous-estimĂ© dans les simulations et montrent que les populations sont plus affectĂ©es par les fluctuations des rĂ©gimes pluviomĂ©triques que par la fonte des glaciers et du manteau neigeux. Enfin, ils mettent en exergue les unitĂ©s gĂ©ographiques et les groupes de population les plus susceptibles d’ĂȘtre affectĂ©s par des variations climatiques
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