Magnetoresistance based determination of basic parameters of minority charge carriers in solid matter

Magnetoresistance as a tool of basic parameters determination of minority charge carriers and the ratio of minority charge carriers conductivity to majority ones in solid matter has been considered within the framework of the phenomenological two-band model. The criterion of the application of this model has been found. As examples of these equations usage the conductor, semiconductor and superconductor have been introduced. From the obtained temperature dependences of the aforementioned values in superconductor, a supposition of a deciding role of minority charge carriers in the emergence of superconductivity state has been made.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, 2 table

Обґрунтування відстані найкращого бачення

Examines the reasons for the establishment of most distinct vision distance. It is shown that in textbooks on physics and Biophysics there is a full explanation of this concept. It is proved that the blur of the point image on the retina decreases when removing points from the eyes and practically stops its decrease, when the deletion reaches about 10 cm taking into account calculations for the phenomenon of the spherical surface refraction neuraxial rays. The conclusion that the most clear distance vision is the optimal distance that a valid low when a good enough linear resolution and, at the same time large enough to form images of paraxial rays. The three major ideas concerning this problem are distinguished: The lens equation for nonparaxial ray are found. It is shown that even in the case of unlimited re duking ability of focal length of human eye crystalline lens, the vision will not be perfect because refraction nature of spherical surface for nonparaxial rays. If an object is located too close to the eye, then image is formed by nonparaxial rays giving a lot images on the retina of each point of the object. As the result, the image is blurred. If an object is too far from the eye, another problem appears: liner resolution decreases, so the images of different points of the object join into one point. It is shown that existence of the most distinct vision distance due to not biology nature of the human eye but only physics nature of spherical surface refraction and circular aperture diffraction.Досліджено причини формування відстані найкращого бачення. Показано, що в навчальних підручниках з фізики і біофізики немає вичерпного пояснення цієї величини. За допомогою обчислень для явища заломлення сферичною поверхнею непараксіальних променів доведено, що розпливчатість зображення точки на сітківці ока людини зменшується з віддаленням цієї точки від ока і практично перестає зменшуватись за відстані від ока близько 10 см. Зроблено висновок, що відстань найкращого бачення – це оптимальна відстань, яка є прийнятно малою для того, щоб була достатньою лінійна роздільна здатність і водночас досить великою для того, щоб зображення кожної точки предмета утворювалось на сітківці від перетину параксіальних променів. Щодо цієї проблеми можна виділити три головні ідеї: Знайдено формули лінзи для непараксіальних променів. Показано, що навіть у випадку необмеженої здатності кристалика ока людини до зменшення своєї фокусної відстані, бачення не буде досконалим внаслідок природи заломлення непараксіальних променів сферичною поверхнею. Якщо предмет розміщений надто близько до ока, то зображення формується непараксіальними променями, що спричиняє виникнення багатьох зображень кожної точки на сітківці ока. В результаті зображення розпливається. Якщо ж предмет знаходиться надто далеко, від ока, виникає інша проблема: зменшується лінійне розділення і тоді зображення різних точок предмета зливаються в одну. Показано, що існування відстані найкращого бачення обумовлено не біологічною природою людського ока, а саме, фізичною природою заломлення на сферичній поверхні та дифракції на круглому отворі

Incorporation of Y2O3 Particles into 410L Stainless Steel by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Addition of yttria to steels has been proposed for the fabrication of oxide-dispersion-strengthened materials for nuclear power applications. We have investigated materials prepared from 12 Cr martensitic stainless steel, AISI 410L, produced by powder metallurgy. Materials were produced with and without yttria addition, and two different sizes of yttria were used, 0.9 µm and 50 nm. Tensile and mini-creep tests were performed to determine mechanical properties. Optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, and EDX analysis were used to investigate the microstructures and deformation mechanisms and to obtain information about non-metallic inclusion particles. SiO2, MnS, and Y2Si2O7 inclusion particles were observed. An SiO2 and Y2O3 interaction was seen to have occurred during the ball milling, which impaired the final mechanical properties. Small-angle neutron scattering experiments showed that the matrix chemistry prevented effective dissolution of the yttria. © The Author(s) 201

Automated information measuring system for monitoring characteristics of atmospheric ozone

The structural diagram of an automated information and measurement system for monitoring the characteristics of atmospheric ozone, the purpose and interaction of the main components of the system are presented. System management software is considered. The results of determination of the total ozone content (TOC), which were obtained by comparing simultaneous data, determined manually by the operator and using the layout of the information-measuring system, with a relative error of measurement difference did not exceed 4.3%. The results of measurements with automatic averaging of the values obtained during the day showed that there was no need to choose windows of cloudless or homogeneous sky. The development can be recommended for use as a basis for the creation of a modern automated information and measurement system for monitoring the characteristics of atmospheric ozone.Key words: block diagram, the total ozone content, software, comparison of the data, layout information measuring system.Pages of the article in the issue: 104-109Language of the article: UkrainianThe structural diagram of an automated information and measurement system for monitoring the characteristics of atmospheric ozone, the purpose and interaction of the main components of the system are presented. System management software is considered. The results of determination of the total ozone content (TOC), which were obtained by comparing simultaneous data, determined manually by the operator and using the layout of the information-measuring system, with a relative error of measurement difference did not exceed 4.3%. The results of measurements with automatic averaging of the values obtained during the day showed that there was no need to choose windows of cloudless or homogeneous sky. The development can be recommended for use as a basis for the creation of a modern automated information and measurement system for monitoring the characteristics of atmospheric ozone.Key words: block diagram, the total ozone content, software, comparison of the data, layout information measuring system.Pages of the article in the issue: 104 - 109Language of the article: Ukrainia

Vanadium and Chlorine doping Influence on Magnetic Susceptibility of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te Monocrystals

The magnetic field experimental dependences of vanadium and chlorine doped Cd1-xZnxTe monocrystals magnetic susceptibility have been research. The magnetic susceptibility non-linearity has been observed. It is shown that this non-linearity due to super paramagnetic nature magnetic clusters forming.Keywords: defects, magnetic susceptibility, magnetic moment, monocrystals, clusters. </p