Auto-Seleção e Aprendizado no Comércio Exterior das Firmas Industriais Brasileiras

Esse trabalho procura realizar uma análise integrada das hipóteses de auto-seleção e aprendizado para as exportações, oferecendo elementos para a discussão sobre a formulação recente da política de promoção de exportações. São utilizadas informações de firmas industriais brasileiras no período de 2000 a 2006 extraídas das bases de dados da Secretaria de Comércio Exterior (SECEX), Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), e da Pesquisa Industrial Anual (PIA). Além da análise descritiva sobre as características observáveis das empresas, esse trabalho conta com análise econométrica sobre os determinantes da persistência e da permanência da firma na atividade exportadora. Seus principais resultados indicam que histerese na atividade exportadora está mais fortemente presente nas micro e pequenas empresas, sendo tais categorias as principais responsáveis pelos fluxos de entrada e saída no mercado externo. Em segundo lugar, de que existe uma clara relação entre valor de estreia, persistência e permanência na atividade exportadora. No entanto, conforme foi possível observar essa relação não está apenas pautada pelos argumentos de auto-seleção, mas também pelos argumentos relacionados à hipótese de aprendizado pelas exportações na medida em que são evidencias trajetórias diferenciadas para os prêmios de produtividade anterior e posteriormente à entrada no mercado externo.Firmas Industriais Exportadoras, Auto-Seleção, Aprendizado pelas Exportações, Ganhos de Produtividade

Auto-seleção e aprendizado no comércio exterior das firmas industriais brasileiras

This article looks for to carry through an integrated analysis of the auto-selection hypotheses and learning by exporting hypothesis, offering elements for the quarrel on the recent promotion of exportations policies. We use here Brazilian manufacturing firms data from 2000 to 2006, from the Escritoire of Foreign Trade (SECEX), Annual Relation of Social Information (RAIS), and of the Annual Industrial Research (PIA). Beyond the descriptive analysis on the observable firm´s characteristics, this work has an econometrical analysis on the persistence, and the permanence firm´s determinants on the exporting activity. Its main results indicate that hysteresis in the exporting activity is stronger in micron and small companies, being such main categories responsible for the entrance flows and the exit in the external market. Aftermath, it exists a clear relation between entrance value, persistence and permanence in the exporting activity. However, as it was possible to observe this relation is not only based on by the auto-selection arguments, but also for the arguments related to the hypothesis of learning by exportations, as long as we obtain evidences of differentiated paths for of productivity premium before, and later, to the entrance in the external market.industrial exporters; self-selection; learning-by-exporting; productivity gains

Triangular flap for nipple reconstruction

Introduction: Despite the many published techniques, there are difficulties in satisfactorily achieving a nipple areola complex (NAC) with long-lasting results. The objective is to demonstrate results using the triangular cutaneous flap technique in nipple reconstructions and compare it with previously published techniques. Methods: A prospective study of nipple reconstruction using the triangular cutaneous flap technique from January 1, 2015, to March 1, 2016. Surgical technique: Marking of an equilateral triangle; decortication of the three points of the triangle that are united in the form of an envelope, with the central area adhered to the neo-breast; total skin grafting for construction of the areola. The patients were evaluated and results classified as fully satisfactory, satisfactory, partially satisfactory, or unsatisfactory. Primary type of breast reconstruction, postoperative or neoadjuvant chemo- or radiotherapy complications, comorbidities, and postoperative complications were evaluated. Statistical evaluation was performed using Fisher's exact test, chi-square test, and post hoc analysis (significance p < 0.05). Results: Thirty-one patients underwent nipple reconstruction using the triangular cutaneous flap technique, 17 unilateral and 14 bilateral, totaling 45 reconstructions. Mean age was 50 years, mean body mass index was 24.95 kg/m2, and mean follow-up period was 14 months. Rated: demographic data, complications of patients versus the type of primary breast reconstruction and completion of chemo- and/or radiotherapy, types of breast reconstruction performed, evaluation of the nipples versus reconstruction, evaluation of the nipple reconstruction technique versus satisfaction of evaluators, and nipple complications versus reconstruction technique. Conclusion: The original triangular cutaneous flap technique presents the advantages of easy execution and safety in reconstruction of the NAC

Evaluation of the effects of radiotherapy on breast reconstruction with a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap

Introduction: Radiation negatively influences the results of breast reconstruction using implants. However, the effects of radiation on breast reconstruction with autologous tissue is still unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the postoperative complications in patients who underwent immediate and late breast reconstruction with a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap and statistically correlate these complications with the use of radiotherapy (RT). Methods: A retrospective survey of the medical records of patients who underwent breast reconstruction was conducted. Of the patients, 126 underwent breast reconstruction with a TRAM flap between 2004 and 2011. The presence or absence of RT and postoperative complications in the immediate and late reconstructions was assessed. The patients were divided into 3 groups as follows: 1) without RT (TRAM alone group), 2) TRAMRT group, and 3) RTTRAM group. The patients in each group were evaluated for the presence and absence of minor and major complications, and results were statistically analyzed. Results: The groups were considered homogenous for age and body mass index. The incidence of major complications was higher in the groups with RT after TRAM (29.6%) than in the other groups, namely the groups without RT (23.4%) and with RT before TRAM flap reconstruction (5.6%). However, the differences among the groups were not statistically significant. No evidence of statistically significant differences in minor complications were found among the groups. Conclusion: In this study, adjuvant RT was not a potentiating factor of complications in the patients who underwent immediate reconstruction with a TRAM flap after mastectomy

Breast reconstruction in young women and their peculiarities

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the main features and methods used in breast reconstruction in young women considering their unique characteristics. METHODS: A retrospective records review of patients who underwent mastectomy followed by breast reconstruction between January 2008 and December 2015 was conducted, selecting those reconstructions that were performed in women younger than 40 years. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were selected. The average age was 33.86 years. Many had some comorbidities, the most common being overweight and anxiety/depressive disorder. Fourteen patients had a family history of the disease. Most were diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. Additional cancer treatments were administered in most cases. All patients underwent a full mastectomy in the breast with cancer, and in 16, there was the option of contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy. Of the 43 reconstructions, 36 were immediate and 7 were delayed, and 17 involved use of implants, 13 involved use of tissue expanders, 4 involved the TRAM, and 9 involved the GD. We observed 15 complications; the most severe were infection with reconstruction loss in one patient and areola necrosis in another. CONCLUSIONS: Young women undergoing breast reconstruction represent a population subgroup with its own characteristics. The tumors and personal and social patterns differ, and based on this long list of variables, treatment options are diverse. In our series, breast implants and tissue expanders were often most used

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Padrões Microeconômicos de Comércio Internacional e a Estratégia Brasileira de Exportação

Este trabalho realiza uma análise integrada das hipóteses de autosseleção e aprendizado nas exportações, assim como oferece uma discussão acerca da Estratégia Brasileira de Exportação, com base nos principais resultados disponíveis. Utilizam-se informações de firmas industriais brasileiras no período de 2000 a 2006, extraídas das bases de dados da Secretaria de Comércio Exterior do Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (Secex/MDIC), da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (Rais/MTE) e da Pesquisa Industrial Anual do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (PIA/IBGE). O trabalho fornece ainda uma análise econométrica sobre determinantes da persistência e permanência das firmas na atividade exportadora. Os principais resultados indicam: i) maior evidência da histerese na atividade exportadora entre micro e pequenas empresas; e ii) existência de uma clara relação entre o valor de estreia e a persistência ou permanência na atividade exportadora.

Orquídeas da Serra do Brigadeiro, MG, Brasil: Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. var. tipo

Com o objetivo de caracterizar as espécies de Orchidaceae encontradas no Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, Minas Gerais, pesquisas e levantamentos de dados foram feitos a cerca da espécie Oeceoclades maculata, culminando no presente trabalho, em que constam a descrição morfológica, classificação taxonômica e informações a respeito de sua ecologia, que evidenciam uma distribuição geográfica muito extensa, abrangendo diversos tipos de ecossistemas.In order to characterize the species of Orchidaceae found at the State Park of Serra do Brigadeiro, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, some researches and surveys of data were developed about the species Oeceoclades maculata, culminating in such work that contain a detailed morphological description, taxonomic classification and information regarding its ecology which give a very large geographical distribution, covering different types of ecosystems