EAA483 - (BM) PENGURUSAN BINAAN. NOVEMBER 2005

pp16Reasoning about program control-flow paths is an important functionality of a number of recent program matching languages and associated searching and transformation tools. Temporal logic provides a well-defined means of expressing properties of control-flow paths in programs, and indeed an extension of the temporal logic CTL has been applied to the problem of specifying and verifying the transformations commonly performed by optimizing compilers. Nevertheless, in developing the Coccinelle program transformation tool for performing Linux collateral evolutions in systems code, we have found that existing variants of CTL do not adequately support rules that transform subterms other than the ones matching an entire formula. Being able to transform any of the subterms of a matched term seems essential in the domain targeted by Coccinelle. In this paper, we propose an extension to CTL named CTL-VW (CTL with variables and witnesses) that is a suitable basis for the semantics and implementation of the Coccinelle's program matching language. Our extension to CTL includes existential quantification over program fragments, which allows metavariables in the program matching language to range over different values within different control-flow paths, and a notion of witnesses that record such existential bindings for use in the subsequent program transformation process. We formalize CTL-VW and describe its use in the context of Coccinelle. We then assess the performance of the approach in practice, using a transformation rule that fixes several reference count bugs in Linux cod

Optimal static and dynamic recycling of defective binary devices

The binary Defect Combination Problem consists in finding a fully working subset from a given ensemble of imperfect binary components. We determine the typical properties of the model using methods of statistical mechanics, in particular, the region in the parameter space where there is almost surely at least one fully-working subset. Dynamic recycling of a flux of imperfect binary components leads to zero wastage.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figure

Monocomponent photoinitiators based on benzophenone-carbazole structure for LED photoinitiating systems and application on 3D printing

In this article, different substituents (benzoyl, acetyl, styryl) are introduced onto the carbazole scaffold to obtain 8 novel carbazole derivatives. Interestingly, a benzoyl substituent, connected to a carbazole group, could form a benzophenone moiety, which composes a monocomponent Type II benzophenone-carbazole photoinitiator (PI). The synergetic effect of the benzophenone moiety and the amine in the carbazole moiety is expected to produce high performance photoinitiating systems (PISs) for the free radical photopolymerization (FRP). For different substituents, clear effects on the light absorption properties are demonstrated using UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy. Benzophenone-carbazole PIs can initiate the FRP of acrylates alone (monocomponent Type II photoinitiator behavior). In addition, fast polymerization rates and high function conversions of acrylate are observed when an amine and/or an iodonium salt are added in systems. Benzophenone-carbazole PIs have good efficiencies in cationic photopolymerization (CP) upon LED @ 365 nm irradiation in the presence of iodonium salt. In contrast, other PIs without synergetic effect demonstrate unsatisfied photopolymerization profiles in the same conditions. The best PIS identified for the free radical photopolymerization were used in three-dimensional (3D) printing. Steady state photolysis and fluorescence quenching experiments were carried out to investigate the reactivity and the photochemistry and photophysical properties of PIs. The free radicals, generated from the studied PISs, are detected by the electron spin resonance - spin trapping technique. The proposed chemical mechanisms are provided and the structure/reactivity/efficiency relationships are also discussed. All the results showed that the benzophenone-carbazole PIs have a good application potential, and this work provides a rational design route for PI molecules. Remarkably, BPC2-BPC4, C6, C8 were never synthetized before; therefore, 5 of the 8 compounds are completely new

Analysis of the Genome and Transcriptome of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii Reveals Complex RNA Expression and Microevolution Leading to Virulence Attenuation

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast responsible for more than 600,000 deaths each year. It occurs as two serotypes (A and D) representing two varieties (i.e. grubii and neoformans, respectively). Here, we sequenced the genome and performed an RNA-Seq-based analysis of the C. neoformans var. grubii transcriptome structure. We determined the chromosomal locations, analyzed the sequence/structural features of the centromeres, and identified origins of replication. The genome was annotated based on automated and manual curation. More than 40,000 introns populating more than 99% of the expressed genes were identified. Although most of these introns are located in the coding DNA sequences (CDS), over 2,000 introns in the untranslated regions (UTRs) were also identified. Poly(A)-containing reads were employed to locate the polyadenylation sites of more than 80% of the genes. Examination of the sequences around these sites revealed a new poly(A)-site-associated motif (AUGHAH). In addition, 1,197 miscRNAs were identified. These miscRNAs can be spliced and/or polyadenylated, but do not appear to have obvious coding capacities. Finally, this genome sequence enabled a comparative analysis of strain H99 variants obtained after laboratory passage. The spectrum of mutations identified provides insights into the genetics underlying the micro-evolution of a laboratory strain, and identifies mutations involved in stress responses, mating efficiency, and virulence

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Nano plasmonics antennas with moleculars diodes for energy production and photodetection

Le soleil est une source d’énergie inépuisable qui représente une solution dans la lutte contre le changement climatique. Néanmoins les rendements associés à la technologie photovoltaïque restent modérés (< 50%). En reprenant la dualité onde-corpuscule, il est alors possible d’utiliser la lumière comme une onde électromagnétique afin de produire de l’électricité. Un tel outil, nommé rectenna solaire a été décrit théoriquement dès les années 1970. Les rectennas sont constituées d’une antenne et d’une diode. La fabrication physique de ces rectennas était impossible pour l'époque. Récemment, une conception innovante de rectenna issue de l’IM2NP a été développée. L’élément diode de ce dispositif n’avait pas été profondément étudié. Cette thèse décrit ma synthèse la caractérisation de diode moléculaire. Elles sont novatrices, car elles peuvent s’accrocher à deux surfaces métalliques différentes, de manière contrôlée. Ce contrôle se réalise grâce à une réaction chimique de surface nommée chimie click. L’objet de cette thèse est de synthétiser puis de construire nos diodes de manière contrôlée. En détaillant en premier lieu l’objet rectenna et les différents éléments le constituant, puis les outils qui nous serviront à la réalisation de cette diode. Ensuite, les synthèses permettant d’obtenir de nouveaux composés à base ferrocène seront présentées. Pour finir la caractérisation et la mise en œuvre de ses diodes sur un dispositif réel seront abordées. Cette thèse dispose d’un aspect multidisciplinaire où chimistes et physiciens travaillent ensemble pour la réalisation d’un objet en rupture technologique dans la technologie de production d’énergie à partir de lumièreThe sun is an unlimited source of power and seems to be a perfect solution for the fight against global warming. However, this last years, the efficiencies associated to the photovoltaic technologies are moderate (< 50 %). Considering the wave–particle duality, it is possible to use the wave properties of the light in order to produce electricity. Such object called rectenna solar cells was described theoretically in the 70s. The rectenna consists in the association of an antenna with a diode. Experimental realisation of rectenna was impossible in the 70's. Recently innovative design of rectenna solar cells at IM2NP was developed. The diode element in such design was not deeply studied. The subject of this PhD is the synthesis and characterisation of these diodes. It is ferrocene based molecular diodes, so where the molecules act as a diode. They are pioneering since it is possible to anchor them to two different metal surfaces in controlled way. Such control is done by a reaction on the metal surface. The reaction chosen belongs to the click chemistry. The subject of this PhD is the synthesis and the fabrication of molecular diode on metal surface in controlled way. First by describing the rectenna and their components. Secondly describing the tools used in the project to realize the diode. Then the different synthesis of the new ferrocene based molecular diode will be presented. Finally, the characterisation and the fabrication of the diode on real devices will be discussed. This PhD has a multidisciplinary aspect where chemists and physicists work together in order to create an object in technological rupture in technology of production of electricit

Nano-antennes plasmoniques avec des diodes moléculaires rectifiantes pour la captation d'énergie et la photodétection.Synthèse de dérivés de ferrocène par chimie click fonctionnant comme diodes moléculaires pour application rectenna.

The sun is an unlimited source of power and seems to be a perfect solution for the fight against global warming and reduction of fossil fuel. However, this last years, the efficiencies associated to the photovoltaic technologies are moderate (< 50 %) and to stabilize. Considering the wave–particle duality, it is possible to use the wave properties of the light in order to produce electricity. Such object called rectenna solar cells was described theoretically in the 70s. The rectenna consists in the association of an antenna with a diode. Experimental realisation of rectenna was impossible at the beginning, since the technologies of 70s could not permit reproducible fabrication of nanometric antenna and nanometric diode, able of rectifying very high frequencies (more than hundreds of THz). Recently innovative design of rectenna solar cells at IM2NP was developed, where antenna was deeply studied. On the contrary, the diode element in such design was not deeply studied. The subject of this PhD is the synthesis and characterisation of these diodes. It is ferrocene based molecular diodes, so where the molecules act as a diode. They are pioneering since it is possible to anchor them to two different metal surfaces in controlled way. Such control is done by a reaction on the metal surface. The reaction chosen belongs to the click chemistry. The subject of this PhD is to synthesize the molecular diode and then to build the diode on surface in controlled way. First by describing the rectenna and their components. Secondly describing the tools used in the project to realize the diode. Then the different synthesis of the new ferrocene based molecular diode will be presented. Finally, the characterisation and the fabrication of the diode on real devices will be discussed. This PhD has a multidisciplinary aspect where chemists, electrochemists and physicists work together in order to create an object in technological rupture in technology of production of electricity.Le soleil est une source d’énergie inépuisable qui représente une parfaite solution dans la lutte contre le changement climatique et la réduction des énergies fossiles. Néanmoins, ces dernières années, les rendements associés à la technologie photovoltaïque restent modérés (< 50%) et semblent même se stabiliser. En reprenant la dualité onde-corpuscule, il est alors possible d’utiliser la lumière comme une onde électromagnétique afin de produire de l’électricité. Un tel outil, nommé rectenna solaire a été décrit théoriquement dès les années 1970. Les rectennas sont constituées d’une antenne et d’une diode. La fabrication physique de ces rectennas était impossible, car les technologies de l’époque ne permettaient pas de fabriquer de manière reproductible des antennes de taille nanométriques et des diodes de taille nanométrique, capable de rectifier des fréquences très importantes, de l’ordre de la centaine de THz. Récemment, une conception innovante de rectenna issue de l’IM2NP a été développée, où l’élément antenne avait été étudié profondément. L’élément diode de ce dispositif n’avait pas été profondément étudié. L’objectif de cette thèse est de synthétiser et caractériser ces diodes. Il s’agit de diodes moléculaires à base de ferrocène, où la molécule se comporte comme une diode. Elles sont novatrices, car elles peuvent s’accrocher à deux surfaces métalliques différentes, et ce, de manière contrôlée. Ce contrôle se réalise grâce à une réaction chimique de surface nommée chimie click. L’objet de cette thèse est de synthétiser puis de construire nos diodes de manière contrôlée. En détaillant en premier lieu l’objet rectenna et les différents éléments le constituant, puis les outils qui nous serviront à la réalisation de cette diode. Ensuite, les synthèses permettant d’obtenir de nouveaux composés à base ferrocène seront présentées. Pour finir la caractérisation et la mise en oeuvre de ses diodes sur un dispositif réel seront abordées. Cette thèse dispose d’un aspect multidisciplinaire où chimistes, électrochimistes et physiciens travaillent ensemble pour la réalisation d’un objet en rupture technologique dans la technologie de production d’énergie à partir de lumière

Récent avancées sur les push-pull organiques et les molécules fluorophores contenant un 1,2,3-triazole

International audienceSince the discovery of the copper catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition in the early 2000s, tremendous efforts have been devoted to enlarging the scope of applications of this relatively simple to handle reaction. The chemistry of dyes has not been excluded from this enthusiasm so that a wide range of compounds have been synthesized over the years. Several key elements have sustained such research activity, such as the possibility to fine tune the photophysical properties, the easiness of structure screening in order to optimize the optical properties or the thermal stability of the triazole moiety. In this review, an overview of different dyes as well as their applications is reported.Desde el descubrimiento de cicloadición de azidas y alquinos de Huisgen en el principio de los años 2000, freneticos effuerzos fueron hechos para agrandir los dominios de applicacion de esta reaccion. La quimica de los colorantes no ha sido excluido de esta frenesia, porque una grande variedad de compuestos fueron sintetisados durante los ultimos años. Muchas razones han motivado estas investigaciones, como la possibilidad de modificar la propriedades fotophysica, la realisacion simple de catalogo de compuestos por cribado por optimisar la propriedades opticas o la estabilidad termica de los triazole. En esta revista, un vista general de los differentes colorantes, como sus applicaciones son reportadosDepuis la découverte de la cyclocaddition d'un azoture et d'un alcyne catalysée au cuivre au début des années 2000, des efforts frénétiques ont été fait afin d'élargir les domaines d'applications de cette réaction. La chimie des colorants n'a pas été exclue de cette frénésie, puisque une grande variété de composées ont été synthétisées au fil des années. De nombreux raisons ont motivé de telles recherches, comme la possibilité de finement modifié les propriétés photophysiques, la réalisation simple de librairies de composés dans le but d'optimiser les propriétés optiques ou la stabilité thermique des motif triazole. Dans cette revue, un aperçu des différents colorants, tout comme leur applications sont reportés

Indane-1,3-Dione: From Synthetic Strategies to Applications

International audienceIndane-1,3-dione is a versatile building block used in numerous applications ranging from biosensing, bioactivity, bioimaging to electronics or photopolymerization. In this review, an overview of the different chemical reactions enabling access to this scaffold but also to the most common derivatives of indane-1,3-dione are presented. Parallel to this, the different applications in which indane-1,3-dione-based structures have been used are also presented, evidencing the versatility of this structure