The praise paradox: When and why praise backfires in children with low self-esteem

In contemporary Western society, many adults use praise to boost children's self-esteem. Accordingly, they might praise those who seem to need it the most: children with low self-esteem. In this article, we review research showing that certain types of praise can backfire, especially in children with low self-esteem. Adults are inclined to give children with low self-esteem person praise (e.g., “You're smart!”) and inflated praise (e.g., “That's incredibly beautiful!”). Paradoxically, such praise can lower these children's motivation and feelings of self-worth in the face of setbacks (e.g., when they struggle or fail). Lowered feelings of self-worth, in turn, might invite more person praise and inflated praise from adults, creating a self-sustaining downward spiral. We propose a transactional model to shed light on this apparent praise paradox, and we describe the model's implications for theory and research

Маркетинговий менеджмент як регулятор торгівлі

У статті розглянуто актуальний стан і можливості покращення макроекономічної ситуації в Україні шляхом використання маркетингового менеджменту як регулятора внутрішніх резервів активізації торгівлі та споживання.В статье рассмотрены актуальное состояние и возможности улучшения макроэкономической ситуации в Украине путем использования маркетингового менеджмента как регулятора внутренних резервов активизации торговли и потребления.In the article the actual condition and the ways of macroeconomic situation in Ukraine improvement by usage of marketing management as an internal trade and consumption reserves regulator are considered

Non-invasive brain stimulation in schizophrenia:hallucinations and negative symptoms

BACKGROUND: New approaches are needed in the treatment of characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and negative symptoms. Non-invasive brain stimulation can make a useful contribution.&lt;br/&gt; AIM: To discuss the published evidence regarding efficacy and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rtms) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs) when used in the treatment of auditory verbal hallucinations and negative symptoms.&lt;br/&gt; METHOD: We review and discuss recent meta-analyses and we analyse relevant factors.&lt;br/&gt; RESULTS: On average, when compared to sham-stimulation, rtms was found to have a significant effect on hallucinations and negative symptoms. Nevertheless, the results of some studies were variable and some studies did not report any improvement. There are indications that some factors such as age and distance between scalp and cortex may influence efficiency. There were only a few studies relating to the use of tdcs and none of these reported a clear effect.&lt;br/&gt; CONCLUSION: There is reasonable evidence that rtms is an efficient treatment for hallucinations and negative symptoms, although some variable results have been reported. There is insufficient evidence for conclusions to be drawn about the efficacy of tdcs for the treatment of hallucinations and negative symptoms. However, both simulation methods are safe and largely without side-effects.</p

Vaccine antigens modulate the innate response of monocytes to Al(OH)3.

Aluminum-based adjuvants have widely been used in human vaccines since 1926. In the absence of antigens, aluminum-based adjuvants can initiate the inflammatory preparedness of innate cells, yet the impact of antigens on this response has not been investigated so far. In this study, we address the modulating effect of vaccine antigens on the monocyte-derived innate response by comparing processes initiated by Al(OH)3 and by Infanrix, an Al(OH)3-adjuvanted trivalent combination vaccine (DTaP), containing diphtheria toxoid (D), tetanus toxoid (T) and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine antigens. A systems-wide analysis of stimulated monocytes was performed in which full proteome analysis was combined with targeted transcriptome analysis and cytokine analysis. This comprehensive study revealed four major differences in the monocyte response, between plain Al(OH)3 and DTaP stimulation conditions: (I) DTaP increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, whereas Al(OH)3 did not; (II) Al(OH)3 increased the gene expression of IFNγ, IL-2 and IL-17a in contrast to the limited induction or even downregulation by DTaP; (III) increased expression of type I interferons-induced proteins was not observed upon DTaP stimulation, but was observed upon Al(OH)3 stimulation; (IV) opposing regulation of protein localization pathways was observed for Al(OH)3 and DTaP stimulation, related to the induction of exocytosis by Al(OH)3 alone. This study highlights that vaccine antigens can antagonize Al(OH)3-induced programming of the innate immune responses at the monocyte level

Narcissism normalisation: tourism influences and sustainability implications

The concept of narcissism normalisation suggests that individuals and societies are becoming more narcissistic due to various cultural influences. Tourism is reviewed here as one such possible influence. Exploitative, entitled and exhibitionistic tendencies associated with narcissism are wellestablished in tourism. Yet tourism is also an intimate, communal and satisfying activity which may counteract narcissism. Increases in narcissism have significant implications from a sustainable tourism perspective. Narcissism is associated with exploitative and entitled behaviours that over time cause significant harm to those people and landscapes that come into contact with. Narcissism appears to be incompatible with principles of sustainability and the challenges this poses for the industry are reviewed, while the opportunities are also explored. There are signs that narcissism, particularly those aspects relating to exhibitionism, can be co-opted to benefit sustainable development

Circulating mucosal-associated invariant T cells identify patients responding to anti-PD-1 therapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are used for treating patients with metastatic melanoma. Since the response to treatment is variable, biomarkers are urgently needed to identify patients who may benefit from such therapy. Here, we combine single-cell RNA-sequencing and multiparameter flow cytometry to assess changes in circulating CD8+ T cells in 28 patients with metastatic melanoma starting anti-PD-1 therapy, followed for 6 months: 17 responded to therapy, whilst 11 did not. Proportions of activated and proliferating CD8+ T cells and of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are significantly higher in responders, prior to and throughout therapy duration. MAIT cells from responders express higher level of CXCR4 and produce more granzyme B. In silico analysis support MAIT presence in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, patients with &gt;1.7% of MAIT among peripheral CD8+ population show a better response to treatment. Our results thus suggest that MAIT cells may be considered a biomarker for patients responding to anti-PD-1 therapy