123 research outputs found
Structuring the Farm and Ranch Operation for Business and Estate Planning
I. Introduction
II. The Farm and Ranch Unit … A. Business Life Cycle … B. Business Characteristics
III. The Farm and Ranch Industry … A. Supply, Production, and Marketing Structure … B. Real Estate: Market Value and Unit Size … C. Operation Financing … D. Management and Business Technology … E. Industry Demography
IV. Economic Analysis … A. The Economic Elements … B. Salvaging the Lost Elements
V. Operation Financing … A. Common Methods of Financing … B. Equity Financing
VI. Economic Analysis in Estate Planning … A. The Business Life Cycle … B. The Business Entity as a Solution to Difficult Estate Problems … 1. The Noncontinuing Operation … 2. The Ongoing Operation
VII. Structuring the Ongoing Entity
VIII. Benefits and Caveats
IX. Conclusio
Structuring the Farm and Ranch Operation for Business and Estate Planning
I. Introduction
II. The Farm and Ranch Unit … A. Business Life Cycle … B. Business Characteristics
III. The Farm and Ranch Industry … A. Supply, Production, and Marketing Structure … B. Real Estate: Market Value and Unit Size … C. Operation Financing … D. Management and Business Technology … E. Industry Demography
IV. Economic Analysis … A. The Economic Elements … B. Salvaging the Lost Elements
V. Operation Financing … A. Common Methods of Financing … B. Equity Financing
VI. Economic Analysis in Estate Planning … A. The Business Life Cycle … B. The Business Entity as a Solution to Difficult Estate Problems … 1. The Noncontinuing Operation … 2. The Ongoing Operation
VII. Structuring the Ongoing Entity
VIII. Benefits and Caveats
IX. Conclusio
Formation and properties of metal-oxygen atomic chains
Suspended chains consisting of single noble metal and oxygen atoms have been
formed. We provide evidence that oxygen can react with and be incorporated into
metallic one-dimensional atomic chains. Oxygen incorporation reinforces the
linear bonds in the chain, which facilitates the creation of longer atomic
chains. The mechanical and electrical properties of these diatomic chains have
been investigated by determining local vibration modes of the chain and by
measuring the dependence of the average chain-conductance on the length of the
chain. Additionally, we have performed calculations that give insight in the
physical mechanism of the oxygen-induced strengthening of the linear bonds and
the conductance of the metal-oxygen chains.Comment: 10 pages, 9 fig
Don\u27t Rock the Boat: An Analysis of Boat Mitigation Prior to Hurricane Landfall
Tropical cyclones are one of the most destructive and costly natural hazards in the United States. Boat owners and marinas are uniquely impacted by these devastating events. Boats pose a substantial monetary loss to owners unable to evacuate or mitigate damage prior to hurricane landfall, and the time it takes to secure them may impact a household’s ability to evacuate in a timely manner. The purpose of this study is to examine the physical and social variables that influence an owner’s decision, as well as how this decision affects the household’s ability to evacuate and the timing of that evacuation. This was done through quantitative and qualitative methods – specifically, surveying boat owners at a marina in Charleston and Georgetown and semi-structured interviews with Charleston marina and boatyard managers. The survey was a selfadministered questionnaire designed by the researcher, and the interviews were based on questions derived from NOAA’s manual, “Hurricane Preparedness: Guidelines for Marinas” (2002). Findings indicate that storm magnitude and landfall location significantly influence boat mitigation likelihood, and certain social variables like frequency of boat use and boat type also influence mitigation. Boat mitigation’s impact on evacuation timing is quite varied but does not seem to have a substantial impact. Finally, the qualitative data collected from the interviews provided crucial information to help explain the survey data and showed that both expensive and lower-cost marinas have effective hurricane plans. This will be influential to emergency mangers and insurance companies – who are financially invested in the protection of boats and marinas
Europa gaat op jacht naar zijn eigen metalen: om de omslag naar duurzame energie te maken, zijn allerlei metalen nodig, zoals lithium. Kan Europa op dat vlak zelfvoorzienend worden?
Industrial Ecolog
Conceptualizing a Human Right to Prevention in Global HIV/AIDS Policy
Given current constraints on universal treatment campaigns, recent advances in public health prevention initiatives have revitalized efforts to stem the tide of HIV transmission. Yet, despite a growing imperative for prevention—supported by the promise of behavioral, structural and biomedical approaches to lower the incidence of HIV—human rights frameworks remain limited in addressing collective prevention policy through global health governance. Assessing the evolution of rights-based approaches to global HIV/AIDS policy, this review finds that human rights have shifted from collective public health to individual treatment access. While the advent of the HIV/AIDS pandemic gave meaning to rights in framing global health policy, the application of rights in treatment access litigation came at the expense of public health prevention efforts. Where the human rights framework remains limited to individual rights enforced against a state duty bearer, such rights have faced constrained application in framing population-level policy to realize the public good of HIV prevention. Concluding that human rights frameworks must be developed to reflect the complementarity of individual treatment and collective prevention, this article conceptualizes collective rights to public health, structuring collective combination prevention to alleviate limitations on individual rights frameworks and frame rights-based global HIV/AIDS policy to assure research expansion, prevention access and health system integration
First data set of H<sub>2</sub>O/HDO columns from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)
This paper presents a new data set of vertical column densities of the water vapour isotopologues H2O and HDO retrieved from short-wave infrared (2.3 μm) reflectance measurements by the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. TROPOMI features daily global coverage with a spatial resolution of up to 7 km × 7 km. The retrieval utilises a profile-scaling approach. The forward model neglects scattering, thus strict cloud filtering is necessary. For validation, recent ground-based water vapour isotopologue measurements by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) are employed. A comparison of TCCON δD with measurements by the project Multi-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water (MUSICA) for data prior to 2014 (where MUSICA data is available) shows a bias in TCCON δD estimates. As TCCON HDO is currently not validated, an overall correction of recent TCCON HDO data is derived based on this finding. The agreement between the corrected TCCON measurements and collocated TROPOMI observations is good with an average bias of (0.02 ± 2) · 1021 molec cm−2 in H2O and (−0.3 ± 7) · 1017 molec cm−2 in HDO, which corresponds to a bias of (−12 ± 17) ‰ in a posteriori δD. The use of the data set is demonstrated with a case study of a blocking anticyclone in northwestern Europe in July 2018 using single overpass data
Methane retrieved from TROPOMI: improvement of the data product and validation of the first 2 years of measurements
The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board the Sentinel 5 Precursor (S5-P) satellite provides methane (CH₄) measurements with high accuracy and exceptional temporal and spatial resolution and sampling. TROPOMI CH₄ measurements are highly valuable to constrain emissions inventories and for trend analysis, with strict requirements on the data quality. This study describes the improvements that we have implemented to retrieve CH₄ from TROPOMI using the RemoTeC full-physics algorithm. The updated retrieval algorithm features a constant regularization scheme of the inversion that stabilizes the retrieval and yields less scatter in the data and includes a higher resolution surface altitude database. We have tested the impact of three state-of-the-art molecular spectroscopic databases (HITRAN 2008, HITRAN 2016 and Scientific Exploitation of Operational Missions – Improved Atmospheric Spectroscopy Databases SEOM-IAS) and found that SEOM-IAS provides the best fitting results. The most relevant update in the TROPOMI XCH₄ data product is the implementation of an a posteriori correction fully independent of any reference data that is more accurate and corrects for the underestimation at low surface albedo scenes and the overestimation at high surface albedo scenes. After applying the correction, the albedo dependence is removed to a large extent in the TROPOMI versus satellite (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite – GOSAT) and TROPOMI versus ground-based observations (Total Carbon Column Observing Network – TCCON) comparison, which is an independent verification of the correction scheme. We validate 2 years of TROPOMI CH₄ data that show the good agreement of the updated TROPOMI CH₄ with TCCON (−3.4 ± 5.6 ppb) and GOSAT (−10.3 ± 16.8 ppb) (mean bias and standard deviation). Low- and high-albedo scenes as well as snow-covered scenes are the most challenging for the CH₄ retrieval algorithm, and although the a posteriori correction accounts for most of the bias, there is a need to further investigate the underlying cause
Methane retrieved from TROPOMI: Improvement of the data product and validation of the first 2 years of measurements
The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board the Sentinel 5 Precursor (S5-P) satellite provides methane (CH4) measurements with high accuracy and exceptional temporal and spatial resolution and sampling. TROPOMI CH measurements are highly valuable to constrain emissions inventories and for trend analysis, with strict requirements on the data quality. This study describes the improvements that we have implemented to retrieve CH from TROPOMI using the RemoTeC full-physics algorithm. The updated retrieval algorithm features a constant regularization scheme of the inversion that stabilizes the retrieval and yields less scatter in the data and includes a higher resolution surface altitude database. We have tested the impact of three state-of-the-art molecular spectroscopic databases (HITRAN 2008, HITRAN 2016 and Scientific Exploitation of Operational Missions – Improved Atmospheric Spectroscopy Databases SEOM-IAS) and found that SEOM-IAS provides the best fitting results. The most relevant update in the TROPOMI XCH data product is the implementation of an a posteriori correction fully independent of any reference data that is more accurate and corrects for the underestimation at low surface albedo scenes and the overestimation at high surface albedo scenes. After applying the correction, the albedo dependence is removed to a large extent in the TROPOMI versus satellite (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite – GOSAT) and TROPOMI versus ground-based observations (Total Carbon Column Observing Network – TCCON) comparison, which is an independent verification of the correction scheme. We validate 2 years of TROPOMI CH4 data that show the good agreement of the updated TROPOMI CH4 with TCCON (−3.4 ± 5.6 ppb) and GOSAT (−10.3 ± 16.8 ppb) (mean bias and standard deviation). Low- and high-albedo scenes as well as snow-covered scenes are the most challenging for the CH4 retrieval algorithm, and although the a posteriori correction accounts for most of the bias, there is a need to further investigate the underlying cause
Mapping carbon monoxide pollution from space down to city scales with daily global coverage
On 13 October 2017, the European Space Agency (ESA) successfully
launched the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite with the Tropospheric
Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) as its single payload. TROPOMI is
the first of ESA's atmospheric composition Sentinel missions, which
will provide complete long-term records of atmospheric trace gases
for the coming 30 years as a contribution to the European Union's
Earth Observing program Copernicus. One of TROPOMI's primary
products is atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO). It is observed with daily global
coverage and a high spatial resolution of 7×7 km2.
The moderate atmospheric resistance time and the low background
concentration leads to localized pollution hotspots of CO and allows
the tracking of the atmospheric transport of pollution on regional to global
scales. In this contribution, we
demonstrate the groundbreaking performance of the TROPOMI CO product, sensing
CO enhancements above cities and industrial areas and tracking, with
daily coverage, the atmospheric transport of pollution from biomass
burning regions. The CO data product is validated with two months
of Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTS) measurements at nine
ground-based stations operated by the Total Carbon Column Observing
Network (TCCON). We found a good agreement between both datasets with a mean bias
of 6 ppb (average of individual station biases) for both clear-sky and
cloudy TROPOMI CO retrievals. Together with the corresponding
standard deviation of the individual station biases of 3.8 ppb for
clear-sky and 4.0 ppb for cloudy sky, it indicates that the CO data
product is already well within the mission requirement.</p
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