Elliptic instability in the Lagrangian-averaged Euler-Boussinesq-alpha equations

We examine the effects of turbulence on elliptic instability of rotating stratified incompressible flows, in the context of the Lagragian-averaged Euler-Boussinesq-alpha, or \laeba, model of turbulence. We find that the \laeba model alters the instability in a variety of ways for fixed Rossby number and Brunt-V\"ais\"al\"a frequency. First, it alters the location of the instability domains in the $(\gamma,\cos\theta)-$parameter plane, where $\theta$ is the angle of incidence the Kelvin wave makes with the axis of rotation and $\gamma$ is the eccentricity of the elliptic flow, as well as the size of the associated Lyapunov exponent. Second, the model shrinks the width of one instability band while simultaneously increasing another. Third, the model introduces bands of unstable eccentric flows when the Kelvin wave is two-dimensional. We introduce two similarity variables--one is a ratio of the Brunt-V\"ais\"al\"a frequency to the model parameter $\Upsilon_0 = 1+\alpha^2\beta^2$, and the other is the ratio of the adjusted inverse Rossby number to the same model parameter. Here, $\alpha$ is the turbulence correlation length, and $\beta$ is the Kelvin wave number. We show that by adjusting the Rossby number and Brunt-V\"ais\"al\"a frequency so that the similarity variables remain constant for a given value of $\Upsilon_0$, turbulence has little effect on elliptic instability for small eccentricities $(\gamma \ll 1)$. For moderate and large eccentricities, however, we see drastic changes of the unstable Arnold tongues due to the \laeba model.Comment: 23 pages (sigle spaced w/figure at the end), 9 figures--coarse quality, accepted by Phys. Fluid

Plasma enhanced vortex fluidic device manipulation of graphene oxide

Open Access Article. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.A vortex fluid device (VFD) with non-thermal plasma liquid processing within dynamic thin films has been developed. This plasma–liquid microfluidic platform facilitates chemical processing which is demonstrated through the manipulation of the morphology and chemical character of colloidal graphene oxide in water

Differential cross sections for the electron impact excitation of pyrimidine

We report on differential cross section (DCS) measurements for the electron-impact excitation of the electronic states of pyrimidine. The energy range of the present measurements was 15–50 eV with the angular range of the measurements being 10°–90°. All measured DCSs displayed forward-peaked angular distributions, consistent with the relatively large magnitudes for the dipole moment and dipole polarizability of pyrimidine. Excitations to triplet states were found to be particularly important in some energy loss features at the lower incident electron energies. To the best of our knowledge there are no other experimental data or theoretical computations against which we can compare the present results

Population-Based Survey of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Usage, Patient Satisfaction, and Physician Involvement

Background. With an increasing proportion of Americans using complementary or alternative medicine (CAM), physicians need to know which patients are using CAM to effectively manage care. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, telephone interviews were conducted with 1,584 South Carolina adults (ages 18 and older); 66% responded to the survey of demographics, general health, frequency of CAM use, perceived CAM effectiveness, and physician knowledge of CAM use. Results. A total of 44% had used a CAM during the past year. Increasing age and higher education were significantly associated with CAM use. More than 60% perceived CAM therapy as very effective, and 89% said they would recommend CAM to others. Physicians were unaware of CAM use in 57% of their patients using CAM. Conclusion. Complementary or alternative medicine use in this rural Southern state is similar to national usage. Users view CAM as effective. Physicians are frequently unaware of patients\u27 CAM use. More research is needed to establish CAM effectiveness and how CAM affects medical care, training, and public health

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the triple differential cross section for electron impact ionization of pyrimidine molecules

Cross-section data for electron impact induced ionization of bio-molecules are important for modelling the deposition of energy within a biological medium and for gaining knowledge of electron driven processes at the molecular level. Triply differential cross sections have been measured for the electron impact ionization of the outer valence 7b2 and 10a1 orbitals of pyrimidine, using the (e, 2e) technique. The measurements have been performed with coplanar asymmetric kinematics, at an incident electron energy of 250 eV and ejected electron energy of 20 eV, for scattered electron angles of −5°, −10°, and −15°. The ejected electron angular range encompasses both the binary and recoil peaks in the triple differential cross section. Corresponding theoretical calculations have been performed using the molecular 3-body distorted wave model and are in reasonably good agreement with the present experiment

Dynamical (e, 2e) studies of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol

Cross section data for electron scattering from DNA are important for modelling radiation damage in biological systems. Triply differential cross sections for the electron impact ionization of the highest occupied outer valence orbital of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, which can be considered as an analogue to the deoxyribose backbone molecule in DNA, have been measured using the (e,2e) technique. The measurements have been performed with coplanar asymmetric kinematics at an incident electron energy of 250 eV, an ejected electron energy of 20 eV, and at scattered electron angles of −5°, −10°, and −15°. Experimental results are compared with corresponding theoretical calculations performed using the molecular 3-body distorted wave model. Some important differences are observed between the experiment and calculations

Intimal smooth muscle cells are a source but not a sensor of anti-inflammatory CYP450 derived oxylipins

AbstractVascular pathologies are associated with changes in the presence and expression of morphologically distinct vascular smooth muscle cells. In particular, in complex human vascular lesions and models of disease in pigs and rodents, an intimal smooth muscle cell (iSMC) which exhibits a stable epithelioid or rhomboid phenotype in culture is often found to be present in high numbers, and may represent the reemergence of a distinct developmental vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. The CYP450-oxylipin - soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) pathway is currently of great interest in targeting for cardiovascular disease. sEH inhibitors limit the development of hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation in animal models. We have investigated the expression of CYP450-oxylipin-sEH pathway enzymes and their metabolites in paired intimal (iSMC) and medial (mSMC) cells isolated from rat aorta. iSMC basally released significantly larger amounts of epoxy-oxylipin CYP450 products from eicosapentaenoic acid > docosahexaenoic acid > arachidonic acid > linoleic acid, and expressed higher levels of CYP2C12, CYP2B1, but not CYP2J mRNA compared to mSMC. When stimulated with the pro-inflammatory TLR4 ligand LPS, epoxy-oxylipin production did not change greatly in iSMC. In contrast, LPS induced epoxy-oxylipin products in mSMC and induced CYP2J4. iSMC and mSMC express sEH which metabolizes primary epoxy-oxylipins to their dihydroxy-counterparts. The sEH inhibitors TPPU or AUDA inhibited LPS-induced NFκB activation and iNOS induction in mSMC, but had no effect on NFκB nuclear localization or inducible nitric oxide synthase in iSMC; effects which were recapitulated in part by addition of authentic epoxy-oxylipins. iSMCs are a rich source but not a sensor of anti-inflammatory epoxy-oxylipins. Complex lesions that contain high levels of iSMCs may be more resistant to the protective effects of sEH inhibitors

Turbo thin film continuous flow production of biodiesel from fungal biomass

This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This author accepted manuscript is made available following 24 month embargo from date of publication (November 2018) in accordance with the publisher’s archiving policyDirect biodiesel production from wet fungal biomass may significantly reduce production costs, but there is a lack of fast and cost-effective processing technology. A novel thin film continuous flow process has been applied to study the effects of its operational parameters on fatty acid (FA) extraction and FA to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion efficiencies. Single factor experiments evaluated the effects of catalyst concentration and water content of biomass, while factorial experimental designs determined the interactions between catalyst concentration and biomass to methanol ratio, flow rate, and rotational speed. Direct transesterification (DT) of wet Mucor plumbeus biomass at ambient temperature and pressure achieved a FA to FAME conversion efficiency of >90% using 3 wt/v % NaOH concentration, if the water content was ≤50% (w/w). In comparison to existing DT methods, this continuous flow processing technology has an estimated 90–94% reduction in energy consumption, showing promise for up-scaling.Eko K. Sitepu gratefully acknowledges funding through the Australian Award Scholarship. The authors acknowledge funding of the project through the Australian Research Council and the Government of South Australia

Lactation and neonatal nutrition: defining and refining the critical questions.

This paper resulted from a conference entitled "Lactation and Milk: Defining and refining the critical questions" held at the University of Colorado School of Medicine from January 18-20, 2012. The mission of the conference was to identify unresolved questions and set future goals for research into human milk composition, mammary development and lactation. We first outline the unanswered questions regarding the composition of human milk (Section I) and the mechanisms by which milk components affect neonatal development, growth and health and recommend models for future research. Emerging questions about how milk components affect cognitive development and behavioral phenotype of the offspring are presented in Section II. In Section III we outline the important unanswered questions about regulation of mammary gland development, the heritability of defects, the effects of maternal nutrition, disease, metabolic status, and therapeutic drugs upon the subsequent lactation. Questions surrounding breastfeeding practice are also highlighted. In Section IV we describe the specific nutritional challenges faced by three different populations, namely preterm infants, infants born to obese mothers who may or may not have gestational diabetes, and infants born to undernourished mothers. The recognition that multidisciplinary training is critical to advancing the field led us to formulate specific training recommendations in Section V. Our recommendations for research emphasis are summarized in Section VI. In sum, we present a roadmap for multidisciplinary research into all aspects of human lactation, milk and its role in infant nutrition for the next decade and beyond

Negative ion formation through dissociative electron attachment to the group IV tetrachlorides: Carbon tetrachloride, silicon tetrachloride and germanium tetrachloride

© 2018 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This author accepted manuscript is made available following 24 month embargo from date of publication (Jan 2018) in accordance with the publisher’s archiving policyThe current contribution constitutes the third and final part of our trilogy of papers on electron attachment reactions of the group IV tetrahalides; XY4 (X = C, Si, Ge and Y = F, Cl, Br). In this context we extend our previous studies on XF4 and XBr4 and report results for electron attachment to the tetrachlorides: CCl4, SiCl4 and GeCl4 in the incident electron energy range from about 0 to 10 eV. At the same time we give a summary of the currently available literature on electron interactions with those latter compounds. Upon electron attachment the formation of Cl−, XCl3−, XCl2− and Cl2− is observed from all the tetrachlorides, and additionally the molecular anion SiCl4− is observed from SiCl4. The main DEA contributions are observed through narrow, threshold peaks (at 0 eV) and we attribute these features to single particle resonances associated with the a1 symmetry LUMOs of those compounds. Contributions from another low-lying resonance, which we assign as a 2T2 shape resonance associated with the t2 symmetry LUMO+1, is also observed in the ion yield curves for all the tetrachlorides. The energy of the peak position of those contributions varies in the range from about 1 to 2 eV, depending on the compound and the fragment formed. In addition to these low energy contributions, higher energy, fairly broad, features are observed for all the tetrachlorides. These contributions exhibit a peak in the energy range between 5 and 8 eV, again depending on the compound and the fragment formed. Further to the experimental data, we report DFT and coupled cluster calculations on the thermochemical thresholds for the individual fragments as well as the respective bond dissociation energies and electron affinities. These calculated values are compared with the experimental appearance energies and literature values, where they are available