Singing from the Grave: DNA from a 180 Year Old Type Specimen Confirms the Identity of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)

Copyright: © 2015 Price et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The attached file is the published version of the article

Sea spray fluxes from the southwest coast of the United Kingdom-Dependence on wind speed and wave height

Fluxes of sea spray aerosols were measured with the eddy covariance technique from the Penlee Point Atmospheric Observatory (PPAO) on the southwest coast of the United Kingdom over several months from 2015 to 2017. Two different fast-responding aerosol instruments were employed: an ultra-fine condensation particle counter (CPC) that detects aerosols with a radius above ca. 1.5 nm and a compact lightweight aerosol spectrometer probe (CLASP) that provides a size distribution between ca. 0.1 and 6 µm. The measured sea spray emission fluxes essentially all originated from the shallow waters upwind, rather than from the surf zone/shore break. Fluxes from the CPC and from the CLASP (integrated over all sizes) were generally comparable, implying a reasonable closure in the aerosol number flux. Compared to most previous observations over the open ocean, at the same wind speed the mean sea spray number fluxes at PPAO are much greater. Significant wave height and wave Reynolds numbers explain more variability in sea spray fluxes than wind speed does, implying that enhanced wave breaking resulting from shoaling in shallow coastal waters is a dominant control on sea spray emission. Comparisons between two different wind sectors (open water vs. fetch-limited Plymouth Sound) and between two sets of sea states (growing vs. falling seas) further confirm the importance of wave characteristics on sea spray fluxes. These results suggest that spatial variability in wave characteristics need to be taken into account in predictions of coastal sea spray productions and also aerosol loading

Posttraumatic Growth in Students, Crime Survivors and Trauma Workers Exposed to Adversity

Generalised models of positive change following adversity do not fully account for differences in adjustment among populations who experience posttraumatic growth (PTG). The contributions of event intentionality, frequency of the adversity types, age at serious event, spirituality/religiousness, active coping, PTSD symptoms and social support were explored as predictors of PTG across three samples of university students (N = 101; Study 1), survivors of violent crime recruited from support services (N = 71; Study 2) and those working with survivors of adversity (N = 96; Study 3). The results of Study 1 revealed that age at serious event, active coping, PTSD symptoms and social support positively predicted PTG. Within Study 2, spirituality/religiousness, active coping and social support were the significant positive predictors of PTG. Finally in Study 3, spirituality/religiousness, active coping and social support were the significant positive predictors of PTG. Across all studies, event intentionality and frequency of adversity types did not determine PTG. These results indicate that while participants within each of the populations have the ability to experience PTG, different factors predicted whether PTG was observed. The findings offer greater insight into the multifarious nature of adjustment following adversity

Targeting cytokines in the 5-Lox pro-inflammatory pathway for treatment-resistant anorexia nervosa

Cytokines are a class of pro-inflammatory immune responses in the peripheral and central nervous system. Elevated cytokine levels contribute to appetite and weight dysregulation, anxiety, depression and other psychiatric conditions, and may underlie eating disorder (ED). Recently, two meta-analyses of cytokine levels in people with EDs – particularly anorexia nervosa (AN) – confirm elevated levels of cytokines within the 5-LOX inflammatory pathway, namely interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α are leukotrienes that stimulate the prolonged response of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κβ) – the major inflammatory gateway molecule – which influences brain development and function within the hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The structure and function of these brain areas are shown to be aberrant in neuroimaging studies of EDs; thus, neuroinflammatory processes are significant biomarkers for weight and cognitive disturbances in EDs, particularly AN. Against this background, this brief article summarises the current knowledge of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in EDs. Thereafter, the significance of inhibiting the NF-κβ 5-LOX inflammatory pathway with a low-risk, Cochrane-reviewed, anti-inflammatory known as Boswellia serrata is considered. Brief discussion of the clinical role for Boswellia serrata in weight recovery and reduction of comorbid mental disorder in ED is provided to stimulate further research into natural anti-inflammatory treatment interventions

Synthesis of new chiral organosulfur donors with hydrogen bonding functionality and their first charge transfer salts

The syntheses of a range of enantiopure organosulfur donors with hydrogen bonding groups are described including TTF related materials with two, four, six and eight hydroxyl groups and multiple stereogenic centres and a pair of chiral N-substituted BEDT-TTF acetamides. Three charge transfer salts of enantiopure poly-hydroxy-substituted donors are reported, including a 4:1 salt with the meso stereoisomer of the dinuclear [Fe2(oxalate)5 ]4- anion in which both cation and anion have chiral components linked together by hydrogen bonding, and a semiconducting salt with triiodide

Impulsivity and compulsivity in anorexia nervosa: cognitive systems underlying variation in appetite restraint from an RDoC perspective

Contemporary nomenclature for anorexia nervosa (AN) describes the eating disorder as transdiagnostic, with overlapping facets of impulsivity and compulsivity contributing to variations in binge-purge, restrictive eating and maladaptive cognitions. It is important to understand how these facets interact, given that those diagnosed with AN often fluctuate and relapse - as opposed to maintaining a stable diagnosis - between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM-5) categories, over the life course. The National Institute of Health’s Research Domain Criteria (NIH RDoC) subscribes to the transdiagnostic view of mental disorders and provides progressive guidelines for neuroscience research. As such, using the RDoC guidelines may help to pinpoint how impulsivity and compulsivity contribute to the cognitive mechanisms underlying variations in appetite restraint in eating disorders and common psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Exploring impulsivity and compulsivity in AN from the perspective of the RDoC Cognitive Systems domain is aided by measures of genetic, molecular, cellular, neural, physiological, behavioural and cognitive task paradigms. Thus, from the standpoint of the RDoC measures, this chapter will describe some of the ways in which impulsivity and compulsivity contribute to the cognitive systems associated with appetite restraint in AN, with the aim of further clarifying a model of appetite restraint to improve treatment interventions

Motion-correlated flow distortion and wave-induced biases in air-sea flux measurements from ships

Direct measurements of the turbulent air–sea fluxes of momentum, heat, moisture and gases are often made using sensors mounted on ships. Ship-based turbulent wind measurements are corrected for platform motion using well established techniques, but biases at scales associated with wave and platform motion are often still apparent in the flux measurements. It has been uncertain whether this signal is due to time-varying distortion of the air flow over the platform or to wind–wave interactions impacting the turbulence. Methods for removing such motion-scale biases from scalar measurements have previously been published but their application to momentum flux measurements remains controversial. Here we show that the measured motion-scale bias has a dependence on the horizontal ship velocity and that a correction for it reduces the dependence of the measured momentum flux on the orientation of the ship to the wind. We conclude that the bias is due to experimental error and that time-varying motion-dependent flow distortion is the likely source

Late Holocene environmental change in arctic western Siberia

The Putorana Plateau, western Siberia, situated on the boundary of the Atlantic and continental Siberian climate provinces, is sensitive to shifts in atmospheric circulation. Three lakes on an altitudinal transect were studied using chironomid subfossils to provide the first estimates of late Holocene climate in this remote, poorly studied region of Arctic Russia. The analysis of sediment cores from three closely located lakes is rare in palaeoenvironmental studies and enables the role of other environmental variables, which may be a potential source of error in palaeoclimatic reconstructions, to be assessed. The chironomid-based reconstructions suggest a more maritime climate c. 3400 cal. BP with July temperatures c. 1.5°C warmer than present which cooled rapidly by c. 2°C, with a more continental climate between 3200 and 2600 cal. BP. These trends are similar in timing and scale to other northern hemisphere records. The recent chironomid records from all three lakes show pronounced faunal changes over the last 50 years probably directly or indirectly because of climate-driven changes in catchment hydrology. This is particularly evident in the recent record from an open lake within a large wetland habitat, which appears relatively insensitive to changes in July air temperatures