Influence of parental attitudes on substance consumption in adolescence

The aim of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to analyze the relationship between the perception of adolescents about their tendency to use psychoactive substances and their parents' attitudes. 487 Brazilian adolescents participated. For statistical analysis the Multinomial Logit Model was used, where the Stepwise method for selecting variables was applied. Tobacco, alcohol and marijuana were related to the variables of greatest influence on the use, abuse and dependence of these substances. Findings showed that an unloving father increases the possibility that the child becomes tobacco dependent (p = 0.001). An unloving mother is most likely to have a tobacco dependent child (p = 0.001). Father's control is a protective factor for experimenting with tobacco smoking (p = 0.023) and for marijuana dependence (p = 0.042). The relationship between substance consumption in adolescence and the perception young people have about their parents' attitudes was emphasized.El objetivo de este estudio transversal cuantitativo fue analizar la relación entre la percepción del adolescente sobre su tendencia al uso de sustancias psicoactivas y las actitudes de sus padres. Participaron 487 adolescentes brasileños. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el Modelo Logístico Multinomial, en el que se aplicaba el método Stepwise para la selección de variables. El tabaco, el alcohol y la marihuana se relacionaron con las variables de mayor influencia en el uso, abuso y dependencia. Se encontró que un padre poco cariñoso aumenta la posibilidad de que el niño sea dependiente del tabaco (p = 0.001), al igual que una madre poco afectuosa tiene más probabilidades de tener un hijo dependiente del tabaco (p = 0.001). El control del padre es un factor protector para la experimentación del tabaco (p = 0.023) y para la dependencia de la marihuana (p = 0.042). Se puso de relieve la relación entre el consumo de las drogas en la adolescencia y la percepción que los jóvenes tienen de las actitudes de sus padres.Este estudo transversal quantitativo objetivou analisar a relação entre a percepção do adolescente sobre as atitudes parentais e sua tendência ao uso de substâncias psicoativas. Participaram 487 adolescentes brasileiros. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o Modelo Logístico Multinomial, sobre o qual se aplicou o método Stepwise para seleção de variáveis. O tabaco, o álcool e a maconha foram relacionados com as variáveis de maior influência no uso, abuso ou dependência. Verificou-se que um pai pouco afetivo, aumenta a chance de o filho ser dependente de tabaco (p = 0.001). A mãe sendo pouco afetiva tem maior possibilidade de ter um filho dependente do tabaco (p = 0.001). O controle do pai é um fator protetivo para a experimentação do tabaco (p = 0.023) e para a dependência da maconha (p = 0.042). A relação entre o uso de drogas na adolescência e a percepção que o jovem tem das atitudes de seus pais ficou evidenciada

Lack of Preventive Health Behaviors in the Early Forties: The Role of Earlier Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking From Adolescence to Adulthood

Objective: To study the degree to which individuals in different trajectories of cigarette smoking from adolescence to the early forties are similar or different in terms of lack of preventive health behaviors (e.g., underuse of preventive health services, unhealthy eating habits) in early midlife. Methods: Participants came from a community-based random sample of residents in two upstate New York counties (N = 548). Data were collected from adolescence to early midlife (mean age = 43 years, standard deviation [SD] = 2.8) at seven time points. Using growth mixture modeling, we statistically identified the number of smoking trajectories. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the probabilities of participants\u27 smoking trajectory group membership and lack of preventive behaviors in early midlife. Results: Five trajectory groups of cigarette smokers were identified. With controls, as compared with the nonsmoker trajectory group, higher probabilities of belonging to the heavy/continuous smoker trajectory group and the late starter trajectory groups were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of lack of preventive health behaviors (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.49 and 4.02 respectively). In addition, as compared to the quitter/decreaser trajectory group, higher probabilities of belonging to the heavy/continuous smoker trajectory group and the late starter trajectory group were also significantly associated with a higher likelihood of lack of preventive health behaviors (AOR = 3.51 and 4.04 respectively). Conclusions: Intervention programs may consider focusing on heavy/continuous smokers and late starters in programs designed to promote adequate use of preventive health services and healthy general lifestyles in early midlife

Compulsive Buying and Quality of Life: An Estimate of the Monetary Cost of Compulsive Buying Among Adults in Early Midlife

The aims of this study were to examine the associations between compulsive buying and quality of life and to estimate the monetary cost of compulsive buying for a cohort of men and women at mean age 43. Participants came from a community-based random sample of residents in two New York counties (N=548). The participants were followed from adolescence to early midlife. The mean age of participants at the most recent interview was 43.0 (SD=2.8). Fifty five percent of the participants were females. Over 90% of the participants were white. Linear regression analyses showed that compulsive buying was significantly associated with quality of life, despite controlling for relevant demographic and psychosocial factors. The estimated monetary cost of compulsive buying for this cohort was significant. The fact that the monetary cost of CB is not trivial suggests that individuals are both consciously and unconsciously plagued by their CB. The findings are important for interventionists and clinicians for cost-effective intervention and treatment programs

Psychosocial Factors Related to the Intergenerational Transmission of Externalizing Behaviors in Early Midlife

Background: To study the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behaviors. Methods: Participants came from a community-based random sample of residents in two upstate New York counties (N = 548). Data were collected from mothers at mean age 40 and from their children from adolescence (mean age = 14, SD = 2.8) to early midlife (mean age = 43, SD = 2.8) at seven time points. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to study the psychosocial factors as related to externalizing behaviors in early midlife. Results: First, maternal externalizing behaviors were indirectly associated with the offspring\u27s externalizing behaviors through the offspring\u27s substance use in adolescence, the offspring\u27s partner\u27s smoking patterns, and the offspring\u27s marital conflict. Second, maternal cigarette smoking was indirectly associated with the offspring\u27s externalizing behaviors through the offspring\u27s substance use in adolescence, the offspring\u27s partner\u27s cigarette smoking, and the offspring\u27s marital conflict. Third, maternal marital conflict had an indirect effect on the offspring\u27s externalizing behaviors, mediated by offspring marital conflict. Conclusions: The finding that externalizing behaviors can be transmitted from parent to child informs the need for family-based interventions that are appropriate to adolescents

Phenotype-specific effect of chromosome 1q21.1 rearrangements and GJA5 duplications in 2436 congenital heart disease patients and 6760 controls

Recurrent rearrangements of chromosome 1q21.1 that occur via non-allelic homologous recombination have been associated with variable phenotypes exhibiting incomplete penetrance, including congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the gene or genes within the ∼1 Mb critical region responsible for each of the associated phenotypes remains unknown. We examined the 1q21.1 locus in 948 patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 1488 patients with other forms of CHD and 6760 ethnically matched controls using single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping arrays (Illumina 660W and Affymetrix 6.0) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. We found that duplication of 1q21.1 was more common in cases of TOF than in controls [odds ratio (OR) 30.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.9-107.6); P = 2.2 × 10−7], but deletion was not. In contrast, deletion of 1q21.1 was more common in cases of non-TOF CHD than in controls [OR 5.5 (95% CI 1.4-22.0); P = 0.04] while duplication was not. We also detected rare (n = 3) 100-200 kb duplications within the critical region of 1q21.1 in cases of TOF. These small duplications encompassed a single gene in common, GJA5, and were enriched in cases of TOF in comparison to controls [OR = 10.7 (95% CI 1.8-64.3), P = 0.01]. These findings show that duplication and deletion at chromosome 1q21.1 exhibit a degree of phenotypic specificity in CHD, and implicate GJA5 as the gene responsible for the CHD phenotypes observed with copy number imbalances at this locu

Phenotype-specific effect of chromosome 1q21.1 rearrangements and GJA5 duplications in 2436 congenital heart disease patients and 6760 controls

Recurrent rearrangements of chromosome 1q21.1 that occur via non-allelic homologous recombination have been associated with variable phenotypes exhibiting incomplete penetrance, including congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the gene or genes within the ∼1 Mb critical region responsible for each of the associated phenotypes remains unknown. We examined the 1q21.1 locus in 948 patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 1488 patients with other forms of CHD and 6760 ethnically matched controls using single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping arrays (Illumina 660W and Affymetrix 6.0) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. We found that duplication of 1q21.1 was more common in cases of TOF than in controls [odds ratio (OR) 30.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.9–107.6); P = 2.2 × 10−7], but deletion was not. In contrast, deletion of 1q21.1 was more common in cases of non-TOF CHD than in controls [OR 5.5 (95% CI 1.4–22.0); P = 0.04] while duplication was not. We also detected rare (n = 3) 100–200 kb duplications within the critical region of 1q21.1 in cases of TOF. These small duplications encompassed a single gene in common, GJA5, and were enriched in cases of TOF in comparison to controls [OR = 10.7 (95% CI 1.8–64.3), P = 0.01]. These findings show that duplication and deletion at chromosome 1q21.1 exhibit a degree of phenotypic specificity in CHD, and implicate GJA5 as the gene responsible for the CHD phenotypes observed with copy number imbalances at this locus

Cardiopulmonary Impact of Particulate Air Pollution in High-Risk Populations: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Fine particulate air pollution <2.5 μm in diameter (PM(2.5)) is a major environmental threat to global public health. Multiple national and international medical and governmental organizations have recognized PM(2.5) as a risk factor for cardiopulmonary diseases. A growing body of evidence indicates that several personal-level approaches that reduce exposures to PM(2.5) can lead to improvements in health endpoints. Novel and forward-thinking strategies including randomized clinical trials are important to validate key aspects (e.g., feasibility, efficacy, health benefits, risks, burden, costs) of the various protective interventions, in particular among real-world susceptible and vulnerable populations. This paper summarizes the discussions and conclusions from an expert workshop, Reducing the Cardiopulmonary Impact of Particulate Matter Air Pollution in High Risk Populations, held on May 29 to 30, 2019, and convened by the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention