220 research outputs found
Laughing at Numbers: Evidence for Numeracy in the âPhilogelosâ
Ancient numeracy is reasonably well attested in scientific sources. However, any study of applied mathematics faces the problem of a dearth of evidence. The paper suggests that the jokes collected in the âPhilogelosâ provide such evidence, and discusses the failings which are referred to in these jokes.Ancient numeracy is reasonably well attested in scientific sources. However, any study of applied mathematics faces the problem of a dearth of evidence. The paper suggests that the jokes collected in the âPhilogelosâ provide such evidence, and discusses the failings which are referred to in these jokes
Appian, Roman History, Volume I. Edited and Translated by Brian McGing . (Loeb Classical Library, Vol. 2.) Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press (Cambridge) 2019 Appian, Roman History, Volume II. Edited and Translated by Brian McGing . (Loeb Classical Library, Vol. 3.) Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press (Cambridge) 2019 Appian, Roman History, Volume III. Edited and Translated by Brian McGing . (Loeb Classical Library, Vol. 4.) Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press (Cambridge) 2019 Appian, Roman History, Volume IV. Civil Wars, Books 1â2. Edited and Translated by Brian McGing . (Loeb Classical Library, Vol. 5.) Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press (Cambridge) 2020 Appian, Roman History, Volume V. Civil Wars, Books 3â4. Edited and Translated by Brian McGing . (Loeb Classical Library, Vol. 543.) Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press (Cambridge) 2020; Appian, Roman History, Volume VI. Civil Wars, Book 5. Fragments. Edited and Translated by Brian McGing . (Loeb Classical Library, Vol. 544.) Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press (Cambridge) 2020
DIE SICHERUNG EINES ANTIKEN STADTTORS BEI AENEAS TACTICUS. QUELLE UND MODELLE
Aineias (Aeneas Tacticus) legt in seinen Poliorketika dar, wie im Altertum eine kleine Stadt einer Belagerung standhalten kann. Die Schrift ist das Ă€lteste militĂ€rische Fachbuch, das uns aus der Antike erhalten ist, und bietet die ausfĂŒhrlichste Beschreibung darĂŒber, wie ein Stadttor gesichert wird. Zur Deutung dieser historischen Quelle sind verschiedene, oft hochkomplizierte Modelle vorgeschlagen worden. Der Aufsatz entwickelt eine dem Text eher entsprechende einfache Deutung. Diese vermeidet es, aus anderen Zeugnissen ĂŒbertragene oder aber nur mit argumenta e silentio begrĂŒndete Deutungen zum VerstĂ€ndnis des Textes einzusetzen, und macht damit nachvollziehbar, weshalb Aineias weniger auf Technik als vielmehr auf das Vertrauen der Bewohnerschaft zueinander setzt, wenn es um die Sicherung einer von Feinden bedrohten Stadt geht, denn, wie Aineias betont, âzuerst muss man zusehen, ob die BĂŒrger eintrĂ€chtig sind, da dies bei einer Belagerung das höchste Gut ist.
Roland Oetjen (Ed.), New Perspectives in Seleucid History, Archaeology and Numismatics. (BeitrÀge zur Alterskunde, Bd. 355.) Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter 2020
Jonas Borsch, ErschĂŒtterte Welt. Soziale BewĂ€ltigung von Erdbeben im östlichen Mittelmeerraum der Antike. (Bedrohte Ordnungen, Bd. 11.) TĂŒbingen, Mohr Siebeck 2018
BĂ€uerliche Zeitvermessung bei Palladius
Der spĂ€tantike Autor Palladius bietet in seinem Opus Agriculturae Angaben zu den SchattenlĂ€ngen am Ende jeder Stunde in jedem Monat und ermöglicht dem Landwirt so, zum rechten Zeitpunkt zu agieren. In der Forschung wurde bisher vergeblich versucht, das System von Palladius' Zeitmessung nachzuvollziehen, die Herkunft der Angaben zu erweisen oder sie gar als Beleg fĂŒr die Heimat des Autors zu deuten. Der Aufsatz schlĂ€gt eine neue Interpretation fĂŒr die Berechnung der SchattenlĂ€ngen bei Palladius und fĂŒr ihre Nutzung vor: die Anwendung von Prinzipien der Land- fĂŒr die Zeitvermessung.The late antique writer Palladius provides in his Opus Agriculturae shadow lengths at the end of every hour and every month, allowing the farmer to act at the right time. Previous research has attempted in vain to understand the system of Palladius' calculations, to prove the origin of the information or even to interpret it as evidence for the provenance of the author. The paper proposes a new interpretation for the calculation of the length of the shadows in Palladius and for their use: the application of principles of land surveying to time surveying
Atypical processing of uncertainty in individuals at risk for psychosis
Current theories of psychosis highlight the role of abnormal learning signals, i.e., prediction errors (PEs) and uncertainty, in the formation of delusional beliefs. We employed computational analyses of behaviour and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether such abnormalities are evident in clinical high risk (CHR) individuals.
Non-medicated CHR individuals (n = 13) and control participants (n = 13) performed a probabilistic learning paradigm during fMRI data acquisition. We used a hierarchical Bayesian model to infer subject-specific computations from behaviour â with a focus on PEs and uncertainty (or its inverse, precision) at different levels, including environmental âvolatilityâ â and used these computational quantities for analyses of fMRI data.
Computational modelling of CHR individualsâ behaviour indicated volatility estimates converged to significantly higher levels than in controls. Model-based fMRI demonstrated increased activity in prefrontal and insular regions of CHR individuals in response to precision-weighted low-level outcome PEs, while activations of prefrontal, orbitofrontal and anterior insula cortex by higher-level PEs (that serve to update volatility estimates) were reduced. Additionally, prefrontal cortical activity in response to outcome PEs in CHR was negatively associated with clinical measures of global functioning.
Our results suggest a multi-faceted learning abnormality in CHR individuals under conditions of environmental uncertainty, comprising higher levels of volatility estimates combined with reduced cortical activation, and abnormally high activations in prefrontal and insular areas by precision-weighted outcome PEs. This atypical representation of high- and low-level learning signals might reflect a predisposition to delusion formation
Valid population inference for information-based imaging: From the second-level t-test to prevalence inference
In multivariate pattern analysis of neuroimaging data, âsecond-levelâ inference is often performed by entering classification accuracies into a t-test vs chance level across subjects. We argue that while the random-effects analysis implemented by the t-test does provide population inference if applied to activation differences, it fails to do so in the case of classification accuracy or other âinformation-likeâ measures, because the true value of such measures can never be below chance level. This constraint changes the meaning of the population-level null hypothesis being tested, which becomes equivalent to the global null hypothesis that there is no effect in any subject in the population. Consequently, rejecting it only allows to infer that there are some subjects in which there is an information effect, but not that it generalizes, rendering it effectively equivalent to fixed-effects analysis. This statement is supported by theoretical arguments as well as simulations. We review possible alternative approaches to population inference for information-based imaging, converging on the idea that it should not target the mean, but the prevalence of the effect in the population. One method to do so, âpermutation-based information prevalence inference using the minimum statisticâ, is described in detail and applied to empirical data
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