44 research outputs found

    Thermal characterization of ancient hearths from the cave of Les Fraux (Dordogne, France) by thermoluminescence and magnetic susceptibility measurements

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    International audienceNumerous sorts of evidence of fires were observed in the cave of Les Fraux (Dordogne, France) and in particular the effects of fire on sediment were studied for a better understanding of their use centuries ago. Our present objective is the evaluation of the firing intensity by determining the past temperature (paleotemperature) attained by the topmost sediment of the archaeological fires. The principle of paleotemperature determination is based on the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of quartz and the magnetic susceptibility of the sediment. By comparing the TL signal of anciently heated quartz to the TL signal of thermal references made in the laboratory, we were able to obtain a maximal equivalent temperature attained for each sample extracted from ancient fires. The magnetic susceptibility (previously measured on the hearth surface) could thus be estimated as a function of temperature. The main result of this study is the temperature mapping of the hearth which can be used as meaningful information about the ancient firing intensity

    Caractérisation thermique de foyers de l'ùge du Bronze de la grotte des Fraux (Dordogne)

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    International audienceThe Les Fraux cave (Dordogne, France) was occupied during the Bronze Age. It contained numerous hearth features. The questions related to the function of the cave and more particularly of the hearth features involved a multidisciplinary study of these remains. The aim of this paper is to present the methods applied for the study of the hearths. The analysis combined thermoluminescence (TL) of the quartz grains and magnetic susceptibility principally registered by the iron oxides contained in the sediments (whether heated or not). For each sample, the TL permits to obtain the corresponding temperature (palaeotemperature) by comparison between the TL curves of the samples and those of the thermal references. The relationship established between the palaeotemperature and the magnetic susceptibility allows converting magnetic susceptibility to palaeotemperatures reached by the sediment on a larger surface. This permits to characterize the intensity of heat attained in these hearths and to contribute to the determination of the function of this site through the comparison with experimental firesLa grotte des Fraux (Dordogne, France), occupée à l'ùge du Bronze, présente de nombreuses structures de combustion. Les questions relatives à la fonction du site et plus particuliÚrement des foyers, ont entrainé la mise en place d'une étude pluridisciplinaire de ces structures. L'objet de cet article est de présenter la méthodologie mise en oeuvre pour l'étude de ces foyers. Elle s'appuie sur un couplage entre la thermoluminescence (TL) des grains de quartz et la susceptibilité magnétique principalement portée par les oxydes de fer contenus dans les sédiments (chauffés ou non). Pour chaque prélÚvement, la TL permet d'obtenir une température équivalente (paléotempérature) par comparaison entre les courbes TL correspondantes et celles de références thermiques. La relation établie entre la paléotempérature et la susceptibilité magnétique permet de traduire la carte de susceptibilité magnétique en paléotempératures atteintes par le sédiment sur une surface étendue. L'objectif est de caractériser l'intensité de chauffe de ces foyers et, par une comparaison avec des feux expérimentaux, de contribuer à préciser la fonction de ce site

    Simulation of an experimental fire in an underground limestone quarry for the study of Paleolithic fires

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    International audienceNumerous fire marks occur on the walls of the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave. Dating indicated that some of the fires were contemporary to the Aurignacian. Violent thermal shocks were observed in surprisingly narrow areas of the cave. This raises numerous archaeological questions about the function of the fires; the answers depend on the location of the hearths, and the intensity of the fires. Numerical simulation was used here to provide information about the behaviour of fires in such confined spaces. An underground non-archaeological site, in a limestone quarry, was equipped to monitor fires in an environment similar to that of the Megaceros gallery of the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave. The fire and the movement of heat and smoke in the quarry were simulated by the open source code “Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)”. Results were validated on wall temperatures recorded behind and above the fire. The thermo-mechanical impact of the fire on the rock was simulated with CAST3M software, providing the most probable zones for limestone spalling due to thermal gradients. The validated approach will, in a forthcoming study, be applied to the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave, in which coupled simulations in the air and in the rock should indicate the location of the hearths and the intensity of the fires that generated the marks

    Les parois chauffĂ©es de la grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc (ArdĂšche, France) : caractĂ©risation et chronologie

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    Les recherches sur la taphonomie des parois ornĂ©es de la grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc ont conduit Ă  l’identification et Ă  l’étude dĂ©taillĂ©e de traces rĂ©sultant d’un processus de chauffe : teintes rose et grise de la roche, Ă©caillage et dĂ©pĂŽts dus Ă  la fumĂ©e. Ce faciĂšs thermique a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© aussi bien dans les premiĂšres salles, comportant majoritairement des peintures rouges, que dans les salles profondes oĂč se trouvent la plupart des reprĂ©sentations rĂ©alisĂ©es au charbon de bois. Une Ă©tude palĂ©othermomĂ©trique par thermoluminescence a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre sur des fragments de calcaire rubĂ©fiĂ© collectĂ©s au sol ou sur les parois. Elle montre que la roche a Ă©tĂ© chauffĂ©e dans le passĂ© Ă  des tempĂ©ratures comprises entre 300 et 375°C selon l’échantillon. Les donnĂ©es chronologiques, tant absolues (datation C14 des charbons) que relatives (relation avec les reprĂ©sentations pariĂ©tales) indiquent que les feux se rapportent principalement Ă  l’Aurignacien. La fonction de ces feux reste inconnue : Ă©clairage, ravivage de torche, production de colorant, ou encore de fumĂ©e ou de chaleur sans nĂ©cessitĂ© directe autre que symbolique, modification de l’état de surface de la paroi, protection vis-Ă -vis des ours qui frĂ©quentaient la grotte en mĂȘme temps que les hommes...Researches on the taphonomy of the rock art walls of the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave led to the identification and the detailed study of marks resulting from a heating process : pink and grey color of the rock, flakes due to the heat, and soot deposits. This thermal facies was observed in the first rooms, where the main red paintings are located, as well as in the deep rooms where most of the charcoal paintings were found. A paleothermometric study was undertaken by a thermoluminescence analysis of reddened limestone chips sampled on the archaeological floor or extracted from the walls. As a result, this study showed that the surface of the rock was heated in the past at temperatures ranging from 300 to 375°C according to the sample. The chronological data (C14 datings of the charcoals and relative chronology with the rock art) link the fires mostly to the Aurignacian. The function of the fires remains unknown : lighting, getting the torch going again, colourant production, smoke, heat production, without other reason than symbolic, modification of the wall state, protection from the bears who were present in the cave at the same period..

    Antiretroviral-naive and -treated HIV-1 patients can harbour more resistant viruses in CSF than in plasma

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    Objectives The neurological disorders in HIV-1-infected patients remain prevalent. The HIV-1 resistance in plasma and CSF was compared in patients with neurological disorders in a multicentre study. Methods Blood and CSF samples were collected at time of neurological disorders for 244 patients. The viral loads were >50 copies/mL in both compartments and bulk genotypic tests were realized. Results On 244 patients, 89 and 155 were antiretroviral (ARV) naive and ARV treated, respectively. In ARV-naive patients, detection of mutations in CSF and not in plasma were reported for the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene in 2/89 patients (2.2%) and for the protease gene in 1/89 patients (1.1%). In ARV-treated patients, 19/152 (12.5%) patients had HIV-1 mutations only in the CSF for the RT gene and 30/151 (19.8%) for the protease gene. Two mutations appeared statistically more prevalent in the CSF than in plasma: M41L (P = 0.0455) and T215Y (P = 0.0455). Conclusions In most cases, resistance mutations were present and similar in both studied compartments. However, in 3.4% of ARV-naive and 8.8% of ARV-treated patients, the virus was more resistant in CSF than in plasma. These results support the need for genotypic resistance testing when lumbar puncture is performe

    Caractérisation thermique de structures de combustion par les effets de la chauffe sur les minéraux : thermoluminescence et propriétés magnétiques de foyers de la grotte des Fraux (Dordogne)

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    Version finale de la thĂšseStudying combustion structures, which represent direct evidence of human occupation, can provide insights about the periods and nature of occupation and utilisation of archaeological sites. This research aimed to supplement existing approaches to combustion structures based on typological descriptions of hearths, analysis of fuel residues, and consideration of the frequency of use by thermal characterisation using physical methods. This study deals with the thermal impacts recorded by fired sediment, and the ways in which modifications of both thermoluminescence (TL) and magnetic properties can be used to understand the thermal history of such remains. The laboratory‐site is the cave of Les Fraux (Dordogne, France) which was occupied in the Bronze Age. Archaeologists were wondering about the function and mode of occupation of this cave which exhibits both domestic vestiges (archaeological occupation grounds, hearths, and ceramics) and symbolic remains (rock art and votive ceramic deposition). Considering the significant number of hearths, more than sixty, and their importance in the human occupation, a specific study of the combustion structures was undertaken. Since the cave remained closed since the Bronze Age, the hearths are in an excellent state of preservation, thus offering important opportunities for archaeometric study. The thermal characterisation of hearths from the cave of Les Fraux firstly consisted in investigating the paleothermometric potential of two properties: the thermoluminescence of sedimentary minerals and the magnetism of iron oxides taken from the sediments. A TL paleothermometer was established by comparing TL signals of samples from archaeological hearths and those of thermal references heated in laboratory. Two properties were explored for the magnetic paleothermometer: the unblocking temperatures of remanent magnetisation and the evolution of magnetic signature (mineralogy and grain size) with heating. Paleotemperatures determined for the sediment from the hearths provided initial information about the intensity of their associated fires. Experimental fires were carried on a series simulated hearths to calibrate paleothermometric data relative to the quantities of energy and wood consumed under controlled conditions, to verify the validity of the laboratory thermal reference procedures, and to characterise the process of heat transfer inside the sediment. Finally numerical modeling of heat propagation within idealised sedimentary structures was undertaken, using thermal data recorded from the experimental hearths. The numerical simulations performed in this model allowed the minimal duration of functioning of the combustion structures to be estimated. Combined with the palaeotemperature estimates this allows energy expenditure to be assessed. The combination of thermoluminescence and magnetic characterisation of sedimentary hearth structures from archaeological sites, coupled to numerical analysis of heat transport, provides a novel tool to supplement existing approaches to understanding combustion structures in the past.Les structures de combustion constituent un tĂ©moin de la frĂ©quentation humaine et leur Ă©tude permet d'apprĂ©hender un aspect du mode d'occupation d'un lieu donnĂ©. Ainsi, pour complĂ©ter les approches classiques qui s'intĂ©ressent Ă  la typologie des foyers, Ă  la frĂ©quence des feux, Ă  la nature des combustibles, etc., une caractĂ©risation thermique de ces structures a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e. Elle s'appuie sur les impacts thermiques enregistrĂ©s par les sĂ©diments soumis aux feux et s'intĂ©resse plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment Ă  la maniĂšre dont les modifications des propriĂ©tĂ©s de thermoluminescence (TL) et de magnĂ©tisme avec la chauffe pourraient ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es pour comprendre l'histoire thermique de ces vestiges. Le site‐laboratoire est celui de la grotte de Fraux (Dordogne), occupĂ©e Ă  l'Âge du bronze. Les archĂ©ologues s'interrogent sur son statut et son mode d'occupation puisqu'elle prĂ©sente tant des vestiges domestiques (sols de circulation, foyers, mobiliers) que des vestiges symboliques (manifestations pariĂ©tales, dĂ©pĂŽts de mobilier). La place importante des foyers parmi ces vestiges a induit une Ă©tude spĂ©cifique de ces structures. En effet, ce site recĂšle plus d'une soixantaine de structures de combustion et, aspect important pour notre approche archĂ©omĂ©trique, prĂ©sente un Ă©tat de conservation exceptionnel puisque la grotte est restĂ©e fermĂ©e depuis l'occupation de l'Âge du bronze. L'Ă©tude de certains foyers de la grotte des Fraux a permis de tester le potentiel de palĂ©othermomĂštres fondĂ©s sur deux propriĂ©tĂ©s indĂ©pendantes : la TL des grains de quartz et le magnĂ©tisme des oxydes de fer contenus dans les sĂ©diments. Le palĂ©othermomĂštre TL a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© en comparant les signaux TL d'Ă©chantillons provenant de foyers archĂ©ologiques Ă  ceux de rĂ©fĂ©rences thermiques chauffĂ©es en laboratoire. Pour le magnĂ©tisme deux pistes ont Ă©tĂ© exploitĂ©es : les tempĂ©ratures de dĂ©blocage de l'aimantation rĂ©manente et l'Ă©volution de la signature magnĂ©tique (minĂ©ralogie et taille de grain) avec la chauffe. La dĂ©termination des palĂ©otempĂ©ratures atteintes par les sĂ©diments substrats des structures de combustion apporte une premiĂšre indication sur leur intensitĂ© de chauffe. Afin d'Ă©talonner ces informations palĂ©othermomĂ©triques en termes de dĂ©pense Ă©nergĂ©tique, des feux expĂ©rimentaux ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s. Ils ont permis de comparer les impacts thermiques entre feux archĂ©ologiques et feux expĂ©rimentaux, de construire un Ă©chantillonnage d'histoire thermique connue, mais aussi d'estimer les tempĂ©ratures atteintes, les Ă©paisseurs de sĂ©diments affectĂ©s, les quantitĂ©s de combustibles consommĂ©s pendant un temps donnĂ©... Ces expĂ©rimentations ont aussi servi de base Ă  une modĂ©lisation de la propagation de la chaleur dans les sĂ©diments. Les simulations effectuĂ©es dans ce modĂšle numĂ©rique permettent alors d'estimer un temps minimal de fonctionnement des structures de combustion. CombinĂ©e avec les palĂ©otempĂ©ratures, cette information permet une Ă©valuation de l'Ă©nergie mise en jeu. Le couplage de la caractĂ©risation TL et magnĂ©tique de sĂ©diments des foyers archĂ©ologiques ainsi que de la modĂ©lisation numĂ©rique des transferts de chaleur, fournit un nouvel outil complĂ©mentaire des approches existantes pour comprendre les foyers archĂ©ologiques

    Thermal characterisation of combustion structures by the heating effect on minerals : thermoluminescence and magnetic properties of hearths from the cave of Les Fraux (Dordogne, France)

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    Les structures de combustion constituent un tĂ©moin de la frĂ©quentation humaine et leur Ă©tude permet d’apprĂ©hender un aspect du mode d’occupation d’un lieu donnĂ©. Ainsi, pour complĂ©ter les approches classiques qui s’intĂ©ressent Ă  la typologie des foyers, Ă  la frĂ©quence des feux, Ă  la nature des combustibles, etc., une caractĂ©risation thermique de ces structures a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e. Elle s’appuie sur les impacts thermiques enregistrĂ©s par les sĂ©diments soumis aux feux et plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment sur les modifications des propriĂ©tĂ©s de thermoluminescence (TL) et de magnĂ©tisme avec la chauffe.Le site-laboratoire est celui de la grotte de Fraux (Dordogne), occupĂ©e Ă  l’Âge du bronze, dont le statut et le mode d’occupation pose question puisqu’elle prĂ©sente tant des vestiges domestiques (sols de circulation, foyers, mobiliers) que des vestiges symboliques (manifestations pariĂ©tales, dĂ©pĂŽts de mobilier). La place importante des foyers parmi ces vestiges a induit une Ă©tude spĂ©cifique de ces structures. En effet, ce site recĂšle plus d’une soixantaine de structures de combustion et, aspect important pour notre approche archĂ©omĂ©trique, prĂ©sente un Ă©tat de conservation exceptionnel puisque la grotte est restĂ©e fermĂ©e depuis l’occupation de l’Âge du bronze.L’étude de certains foyers de la grotte des Fraux a permis de tester le potentiel de palĂ©othermomĂštres fondĂ©s sur ces deux propriĂ©tĂ©s indĂ©pendantes Ă  savoir la TL des grains de quartz et le magnĂ©tisme des oxydes de fer contenus dans les sĂ©diments. Le palĂ©othermomĂštre TL a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© en comparant les signaux TL d’échantillons provenant de foyers archĂ©ologiques Ă  ceux de rĂ©fĂ©rences thermiques chauffĂ©es en laboratoire. Pour le magnĂ©tisme deux pistes ont Ă©tĂ© exploitĂ©es : les tempĂ©ratures de dĂ©blocage de l’aimantation rĂ©manente et l’évolution de la signature magnĂ©tique -minĂ©ralogie et taille de grain) avec la chauffe. La dĂ©termination des palĂ©otempĂ©ratures atteintes par les sĂ©diments substrats des structures de combustion apporte une premiĂšre indication sur leur intensitĂ© de chauffe. Afin d’étalonner ces informations palĂ©othermomĂ©triques en termes d’énergie mise en jeu, des feux expĂ©rimentaux ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s. Ils ont permis de comparer les impacts thermiques entre feux archĂ©ologiques et feux expĂ©rimentaux, de construire un Ă©chantillonnage d’histoire thermique connue, mais aussi d’estimer les tempĂ©ratures atteintes, les Ă©paisseurs de sĂ©diments affectĂ©s, les quantitĂ©s de combustibles consommĂ©s pendant un temps donnĂ©, la quantitĂ© d’énergie dĂ©gagĂ©e par la combustion
 Ces expĂ©rimentations ont aussi servi de base Ă  une modĂ©lisation de la propagation de la chaleur dans les sĂ©diments. Les simulations effectuĂ©es dans ce modĂšle numĂ©rique permettent alors d’estimer un temps minimal de fonctionnement des structures de combustion.Nous disposons ainsi d’un nouvel outil pour la caractĂ©risation thermique de foyers archĂ©ologiques.The study of the combustion structures, which are a remaining evidence of the human occupation, can give information about the way of occupation of a site. In this research we decided to complete the classical approaches of combustion structures generally based on typological description of hearths, frequency of fires, nature of fuel, etc. by a a thermal characterisation. This study deals with the thermal impacts recorded by the fired sediment. More precisely, the modifications of both thermoluminescence (TL) and magnetism properties with heating were investigated.The laboratory-site is the cave of Les Fraux (Dordogne, France) which was occupied in the Bronze Age. The archaeologists were wandering about the function and the way of occupation of this cave because of the existence of both domestic vestiges (archaeological occupation grounds, hearths, and ceramics) and symbolic evidences (rock art and votive ceramic deposition). A specific study of the combustion structures had started considering the significant number of hearths, more than sixty, and their importance in the human occupation. In addition, as the cave remained closed since the Bronze Age, the hearths are in an excellent state of conservation and that is an important point for our archaeometric study. The thermal characterisation of some hearths from the cave of Les Fraux firstly consisted in studying the paleothermometer potential of two properties: the thermoluminescence of quartz grains and the magnetism of iron oxides taken from the sediments. The TL paleothermometer was established by comparing TL signals of samples from archaeological hearths and those of thermal references heated in laboratory. Two properties were explored for the magnetic paleothermometer: the unblocking temperatures of the remanent magnetization and the evolution of magnetic signature (mineralogy and grain size) with heating. The paleotemperatures determined for the sediment of the hearths give a first information about the heating intensity of fires.Then experimental fires were carried out to calibrate paleothermometric data in quantity of energy and wood consumption, to check the suitability of laboratory thermal references, and to characterise the process of heat transfer inside the sediment. Finally, a numerical modeling of heat propagation within the sediment was implemented from temperatures recorded during fire experimentations. Numerical simulations performed in this model allowed us to estimate a minimal duration of functioning of the combustion structures.A novel tool for the thermal characterisation of combustion structures is then available

    Thermal characterisation of combustion structures by the heating effect on minerals : thermoluminescence and magnetic properties of hearths from the cave of Les Fraux (Dordogne, France)

    No full text
    Les structures de combustion constituent un tĂ©moin de la frĂ©quentation humaine et leur Ă©tude permet d’apprĂ©hender un aspect du mode d’occupation d’un lieu donnĂ©. Ainsi, pour complĂ©ter les approches classiques qui s’intĂ©ressent Ă  la typologie des foyers, Ă  la frĂ©quence des feux, Ă  la nature des combustibles, etc., une caractĂ©risation thermique de ces structures a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e. Elle s’appuie sur les impacts thermiques enregistrĂ©s par les sĂ©diments soumis aux feux et plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment sur les modifications des propriĂ©tĂ©s de thermoluminescence (TL) et de magnĂ©tisme avec la chauffe.Le site-laboratoire est celui de la grotte de Fraux (Dordogne), occupĂ©e Ă  l’Âge du bronze, dont le statut et le mode d’occupation pose question puisqu’elle prĂ©sente tant des vestiges domestiques (sols de circulation, foyers, mobiliers) que des vestiges symboliques (manifestations pariĂ©tales, dĂ©pĂŽts de mobilier). La place importante des foyers parmi ces vestiges a induit une Ă©tude spĂ©cifique de ces structures. En effet, ce site recĂšle plus d’une soixantaine de structures de combustion et, aspect important pour notre approche archĂ©omĂ©trique, prĂ©sente un Ă©tat de conservation exceptionnel puisque la grotte est restĂ©e fermĂ©e depuis l’occupation de l’Âge du bronze.L’étude de certains foyers de la grotte des Fraux a permis de tester le potentiel de palĂ©othermomĂštres fondĂ©s sur ces deux propriĂ©tĂ©s indĂ©pendantes Ă  savoir la TL des grains de quartz et le magnĂ©tisme des oxydes de fer contenus dans les sĂ©diments. Le palĂ©othermomĂštre TL a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© en comparant les signaux TL d’échantillons provenant de foyers archĂ©ologiques Ă  ceux de rĂ©fĂ©rences thermiques chauffĂ©es en laboratoire. Pour le magnĂ©tisme deux pistes ont Ă©tĂ© exploitĂ©es : les tempĂ©ratures de dĂ©blocage de l’aimantation rĂ©manente et l’évolution de la signature magnĂ©tique -minĂ©ralogie et taille de grain) avec la chauffe. La dĂ©termination des palĂ©otempĂ©ratures atteintes par les sĂ©diments substrats des structures de combustion apporte une premiĂšre indication sur leur intensitĂ© de chauffe. Afin d’étalonner ces informations palĂ©othermomĂ©triques en termes d’énergie mise en jeu, des feux expĂ©rimentaux ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s. Ils ont permis de comparer les impacts thermiques entre feux archĂ©ologiques et feux expĂ©rimentaux, de construire un Ă©chantillonnage d’histoire thermique connue, mais aussi d’estimer les tempĂ©ratures atteintes, les Ă©paisseurs de sĂ©diments affectĂ©s, les quantitĂ©s de combustibles consommĂ©s pendant un temps donnĂ©, la quantitĂ© d’énergie dĂ©gagĂ©e par la combustion
 Ces expĂ©rimentations ont aussi servi de base Ă  une modĂ©lisation de la propagation de la chaleur dans les sĂ©diments. Les simulations effectuĂ©es dans ce modĂšle numĂ©rique permettent alors d’estimer un temps minimal de fonctionnement des structures de combustion.Nous disposons ainsi d’un nouvel outil pour la caractĂ©risation thermique de foyers archĂ©ologiques.The study of the combustion structures, which are a remaining evidence of the human occupation, can give information about the way of occupation of a site. In this research we decided to complete the classical approaches of combustion structures generally based on typological description of hearths, frequency of fires, nature of fuel, etc. by a a thermal characterisation. This study deals with the thermal impacts recorded by the fired sediment. More precisely, the modifications of both thermoluminescence (TL) and magnetism properties with heating were investigated.The laboratory-site is the cave of Les Fraux (Dordogne, France) which was occupied in the Bronze Age. The archaeologists were wandering about the function and the way of occupation of this cave because of the existence of both domestic vestiges (archaeological occupation grounds, hearths, and ceramics) and symbolic evidences (rock art and votive ceramic deposition). A specific study of the combustion structures had started considering the significant number of hearths, more than sixty, and their importance in the human occupation. In addition, as the cave remained closed since the Bronze Age, the hearths are in an excellent state of conservation and that is an important point for our archaeometric study. The thermal characterisation of some hearths from the cave of Les Fraux firstly consisted in studying the paleothermometer potential of two properties: the thermoluminescence of quartz grains and the magnetism of iron oxides taken from the sediments. The TL paleothermometer was established by comparing TL signals of samples from archaeological hearths and those of thermal references heated in laboratory. Two properties were explored for the magnetic paleothermometer: the unblocking temperatures of the remanent magnetization and the evolution of magnetic signature (mineralogy and grain size) with heating. The paleotemperatures determined for the sediment of the hearths give a first information about the heating intensity of fires.Then experimental fires were carried out to calibrate paleothermometric data in quantity of energy and wood consumption, to check the suitability of laboratory thermal references, and to characterise the process of heat transfer inside the sediment. Finally, a numerical modeling of heat propagation within the sediment was implemented from temperatures recorded during fire experimentations. Numerical simulations performed in this model allowed us to estimate a minimal duration of functioning of the combustion structures.A novel tool for the thermal characterisation of combustion structures is then available

    Caractérisation thermique de structures de combustion par les effets de la chauffe sur les minéraux (thermoluminescence et propriétés magnétiques de foyers de la grotte des Fraux (Dordogne).)

    No full text
    Les structures de combustion constituent un tĂ©moin de la frĂ©quentation humaine et leur Ă©tude permet d apprĂ©hender un aspect du mode d occupation d un lieu donnĂ©. Ainsi, pour complĂ©ter les approches classiques qui s intĂ©ressent Ă  la typologie des foyers, Ă  la frĂ©quence des feux, Ă  la nature des combustibles, etc., une caractĂ©risation thermique de ces structures a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e. Elle s appuie sur les impacts thermiques enregistrĂ©s par les sĂ©diments soumis aux feux et plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment sur les modifications des propriĂ©tĂ©s de thermoluminescence (TL) et de magnĂ©tisme avec la chauffe.Le site-laboratoire est celui de la grotte de Fraux (Dordogne), occupĂ©e Ă  l Âge du bronze, dont le statut et le mode d occupation pose question puisqu elle prĂ©sente tant des vestiges domestiques (sols de circulation, foyers, mobiliers) que des vestiges symboliques (manifestations pariĂ©tales, dĂ©pĂŽts de mobilier). La place importante des foyers parmi ces vestiges a induit une Ă©tude spĂ©cifique de ces structures. En effet, ce site recĂšle plus d une soixantaine de structures de combustion et, aspect important pour notre approche archĂ©omĂ©trique, prĂ©sente un Ă©tat de conservation exceptionnel puisque la grotte est restĂ©e fermĂ©e depuis l occupation de l Âge du bronze.L Ă©tude de certains foyers de la grotte des Fraux a permis de tester le potentiel de palĂ©othermomĂštres fondĂ©s sur ces deux propriĂ©tĂ©s indĂ©pendantes Ă  savoir la TL des grains de quartz et le magnĂ©tisme des oxydes de fer contenus dans les sĂ©diments. Le palĂ©othermomĂštre TL a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© en comparant les signaux TL d Ă©chantillons provenant de foyers archĂ©ologiques Ă  ceux de rĂ©fĂ©rences thermiques chauffĂ©es en laboratoire. Pour le magnĂ©tisme deux pistes ont Ă©tĂ© exploitĂ©es : les tempĂ©ratures de dĂ©blocage de l aimantation rĂ©manente et l Ă©volution de la signature magnĂ©tique -minĂ©ralogie et taille de grain) avec la chauffe. La dĂ©termination des palĂ©otempĂ©ratures atteintes par les sĂ©diments substrats des structures de combustion apporte une premiĂšre indication sur leur intensitĂ© de chauffe. Afin d Ă©talonner ces informations palĂ©othermomĂ©triques en termes d Ă©nergie mise en jeu, des feux expĂ©rimentaux ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s. Ils ont permis de comparer les impacts thermiques entre feux archĂ©ologiques et feux expĂ©rimentaux, de construire un Ă©chantillonnage d histoire thermique connue, mais aussi d estimer les tempĂ©ratures atteintes, les Ă©paisseurs de sĂ©diments affectĂ©s, les quantitĂ©s de combustibles consommĂ©s pendant un temps donnĂ©, la quantitĂ© d Ă©nergie dĂ©gagĂ©e par la combustion Ces expĂ©rimentations ont aussi servi de base Ă  une modĂ©lisation de la propagation de la chaleur dans les sĂ©diments. Les simulations effectuĂ©es dans ce modĂšle numĂ©rique permettent alors d estimer un temps minimal de fonctionnement des structures de combustion.Nous disposons ainsi d un nouvel outil pour la caractĂ©risation thermique de foyers archĂ©ologiques.The study of the combustion structures, which are a remaining evidence of the human occupation, can give information about the way of occupation of a site. In this research we decided to complete the classical approaches of combustion structures generally based on typological description of hearths, frequency of fires, nature of fuel, etc. by a a thermal characterisation. This study deals with the thermal impacts recorded by the fired sediment. More precisely, the modifications of both thermoluminescence (TL) and magnetism properties with heating were investigated.The laboratory-site is the cave of Les Fraux (Dordogne, France) which was occupied in the Bronze Age. The archaeologists were wandering about the function and the way of occupation of this cave because of the existence of both domestic vestiges (archaeological occupation grounds, hearths, and ceramics) and symbolic evidences (rock art and votive ceramic deposition). A specific study of the combustion structures had started considering the significant number of hearths, more than sixty, and their importance in the human occupation. In addition, as the cave remained closed since the Bronze Age, the hearths are in an excellent state of conservation and that is an important point for our archaeometric study. The thermal characterisation of some hearths from the cave of Les Fraux firstly consisted in studying the paleothermometer potential of two properties: the thermoluminescence of quartz grains and the magnetism of iron oxides taken from the sediments. The TL paleothermometer was established by comparing TL signals of samples from archaeological hearths and those of thermal references heated in laboratory. Two properties were explored for the magnetic paleothermometer: the unblocking temperatures of the remanent magnetization and the evolution of magnetic signature (mineralogy and grain size) with heating. The paleotemperatures determined for the sediment of the hearths give a first information about the heating intensity of fires.Then experimental fires were carried out to calibrate paleothermometric data in quantity of energy and wood consumption, to check the suitability of laboratory thermal references, and to characterise the process of heat transfer inside the sediment. Finally, a numerical modeling of heat propagation within the sediment was implemented from temperatures recorded during fire experimentations. Numerical simulations performed in this model allowed us to estimate a minimal duration of functioning of the combustion structures.A novel tool for the thermal characterisation of combustion structures is then available.BORDEAUX3-Bib. Ă©lectronique (335229906) / SudocSudocFranceF
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