FLIGHT INFORMATION PRIORITY BY PHASE

Includes Supplementary MaterialMilitary helicopter pilots must receive, analyze, communicate, and react to large amounts of information during a flight. Pilots continuously filter through information to identify what is relevant at the current point in their mission based on the operational and flight-specific situation. While fusing information, pilots may experience cognitive overload that results in degraded performance and contributes to catastrophic events. This report investigates whether pilots require different information during different phases of flight, what specific information pilots need during these phases, and how pilots want to receive different types of information. A survey was sent to 3600 US Army UH-60 pilots (362 completed at least one portion of the survey; response rate of ~10%) asking them to prioritize 31 information items (very important, important, somewhat important) by phase of flight. The survey was followed by UH-60 pilot focus groups conducted at Fort Drum, NY. The research team found that desired information varies by phase, identified the specific information needed in each phase, and determined that pilots prefer most information to be presented visually. The conclusions of this study can inform future cockpit designs that integrate emerging technologies while reducing pilot cognitive load and increasing operational efficiency and safety.Captain, United States ArmyCaptain, United States ArmyCaptain, United States ArmyCaptain, United States ArmyCaptain, United States ArmyCaptain, United States ArmyApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes

All plants, including crop species, harbor a community of fungal endophyte species, yet we know little about the biotic factors that are important in endophyte community assembly. We suggest that the most direct route to understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly is through the study of functional trait variation in the host and its fungal consortium. We review studies on crop endophytes that investigate plant and fungal traits likely to be important in endophyte community processes. We focus on approaches that could speed detection of general trends in endophyte community assembly: (i) use of the ‘assembly rules’ concept to identify specific mechanisms that influence endophyte community dynamics, (ii) measurement of functional trait variation in plants and fungi to better understand endophyte community processes and plant–fungal interactions, and (iii) investigation of microbe–microbe interactions, and fungal traits that mediate them. This approach is well suited for research in agricultural systems, where pair-wise host–fungus interactions and mechanisms of fungal–fungal competition have frequently been described. Areas for consideration include the possibility that human manipulation of crop phenotype and deployment of fungal biocontrol species can significantly influence endophyte community assembly. Evaluation of endophyte assembly rules may help to fine-tune crop management strategies

Ecological compatibility of GM crops and biological control

Insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified (GM) crops pervade many modern cropping systems (especially field-cropping systems), and present challenges and opportunities for developing biologically based pest-management programs. Interactions between biological control agents (insect predators, parasitoids, and pathogens) and GM crops exceed simple toxicological relationships, a priority for assessing risk of GM crops to non-target species. To determine the compatibility of biological control and insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant GM crop traits within integrated pest-management programs, this synthesis prioritizes understanding the bi-trophic and prey/host-mediated ecological pathways through which natural enemies interact within cropland communities, and how GM crops alter the agroecosystems in which natural enemies live. Insect-resistant crops can affect the quantity and quality of non-prey foods for natural enemies, as well as the availability and quality of both target and non-target pests that serve as prey/hosts. When they are used to locally eradicate weeds, herbicide-tolerant crops alter the agricultural landscape by reducing or changing the remaining vegetational diversity. This vegetational diversity is fundamental to biological control when it serves as a source of habitat and nutritional resources. Some inherent qualities of both biological control and GM crops provide opportunities to improve upon sustainable IPM systems. For example, biological control agents may delay the evolution of pest resistance to GM crops, and suppress outbreaks of secondary pests not targeted by GM plants, while herbicide-tolerant crops facilitate within-field management of vegetational diversity that can enhance the efficacy of biological control agents. By examining the ecological compatibility of biological control and GM crops, and employing them within an IPM framework, the sustainability and profitability of farming may be improved

Study Buddy

Just a friend helping me study!https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/library_photo_contest_fall_2021/1043/thumbnail.jp

Just a Flower

https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/library_photo_contest_fall_2021/1044/thumbnail.jp

Domestic violence research in Canada : an assessment and re-direction

Domestic violence has been identified as a problem for over twenty-five years. However, a number of reviews have demonstrated the lack of research in this area, especially in Canada. In order to encourage and provide direction for future research, past studies must be assessed. Attention must be given to both methodological and theoretical issues and the implications for domestic violence research. The focus of this thesis is the critique of three Canadian surveys. The purpose is: (1) to offer a critique of the methodology and the theoretical assumptions underlying each of these surveys, and (2) to propose revisions to advance the empirical research of domestic violence. The objectives are accomplished through a literature review of domestic violence and through a detailed assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the surveys. This assessment revealed the need for more domestic violence research in Canada, making theoretical and methodological revisions to increase the reliability of these data and the validity of surveys as effective research tools. Theoretically, researchers need to consider a synthesis of existing domestic violence perspectives, emphasizing psychological and interactional theories, in order to provide a fuller understanding of the complexity of domestic violence. Methodologically, future research should focus on both men and women as victims and offenders, creating measurement tools tailored to each gender. Researchers need to further explore the perceptions of men and women about their intimate relationships and how domestic violence affects their lives.Arts, Faculty ofSociology, Department ofGraduat