Torn from Their Mother\u27s Breasts : The Battle for Impoverished Souls in Ireland, 1853-1885

A world history analysis, this paper examines the struggle between Protestant governmental and Catholic private philanthropy in mid-nineteenth-century Ireland, exploring how each side waged a war of political and religious misunderstanding in an effort to gain control over the Catholic Irish poor. Ireland’s philanthropic scene in this period became a battleground on which the British government fought for political control and Catholics for religious control; however, neither group understood what the other fought for, waging a war of cross-purposes. Through an examination of this battle for control, this paper depicts the emergence of modern Irish welfare from the famine era and identifies the key areas of disharmony in Anglo-Irish philanthropic relations that slowed the process of welfare modernization in Ireland. Although past historians have closely studied the Irish Poor Law and religious philanthropies in Ireland, few have linked Catholic charities and the Protestant British government in further extrapolating the history of Irish welfare. Maria Luddy, a key figure in the field, has herself worked on conflicts between Catholic Irish and the British government in terms of welfare, but primarily with religious sisters in workhouse hospitals. While important, these hospitals formed only one part of Irish philanthropy in mid-nineteenth-century Ireland, leaving a clear gap in Anglo-Irish philanthropic historiography. This paper begins with historical overview of Irish charity, from the introduction of Christianity into Ireland to the end of the Irish famine, a major test for the parliamentary Irish Poor Law. It then branches into two key battlegrounds of post-famine Irish philanthropy in the nineteenth century: education and medicine. In order to analyze post-famine Irish philanthropy, information primarily derives from primary sources between 1853 and 1885, from the years beginning the philanthropic war into the commencement of cooperation between the British government and Catholic charities. These sources include pamphlets and papers written by such period actors as Catholic Irish lawyer W. Neilson Hancock and Mayor of Cork John Arnott, and the British government features in the form of parliamentary papers and debates. Women additionally appear, particularly Dublin philanthropic activist Margaret Aylward, whose letters regarding St. Brigid’s Orphanage identify a non-governmental voice in the battle over the Irish poor. Through this research, a new type of holy war developed between Catholics and Protestants in Ireland. However, this holy war was one-sided, as only the Catholic Irish believed the British government sought to continue a centuries-long forced proselytization in Ireland; the British government rather believed they fought for a new kind of political control on the island, one in which religion played a mere small part, if at all. This paper thus changes the way historians approach Victorian Irish philanthropy, introducing a new methodology for examining a little researched subject

Assessment of Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta Caretta) Nest Management Tools in South Carolina

This study reassessed the use of two current management tools utilized on nesting beaches statewide as part of the protection effort for loggerhead sea turtles, with a primary focus on South Carolina barrier island nesting beaches. The nest management tools assessed in this study include 1) the relocation of all nests laid seaward of the spring high tide line (SHTL) and 2) use of a probe stick to locate the nest cavity. The relocation of nests deposited seaward of the SHTL is a common management action that is to be used only as a last resort if the nest is presumably doomed in situ according to nest protection guidelines provided by the U.S. Loggerhead Recovery Plan and South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) Marine Turtle Conservation Program. While nest relocations are increasing due to a loss of suitable nesting habitat as beaches throughout the state face increased erosion, many of these relocations are unnecessary but are conducted due to the misconception of concerned project participants that the occurrence of any tidal wash-over will negatively influence hatch success (HS), even of nests marginally landward of the SHTL. The relationship between nest location, relocation, tidal influences (wash-over and inundation), and HS were examined. A sample of nests below the SHTL (low nests) were relocated to higher grounds while remaining low nests were left to incubate in situ. Nests deposited above the SHTL were monitored at their in situ nest sites at varying distances above the SHTL. This study determined if nests laid and/or relocated above the SHTL still have the potential to wash-over and/or inundate depending on the distance of the nest above the tide line, if relocation significantly increases HS when compared to in situ low beach nests, if HS varies based on distance of in situ and relocated nests from the SHTL (i.e. zone), and whether tidal events negatively impact HS (and if so, does this relationship vary across zones). Hatch success was significantly lower for in situ nests below the SHTL during the 2012 season, however, no discernible differences were identified between the HS of low nests when compared to in situ and relocated nests above SHTL during the 2013 season. Tidal wash-over significantly decreased the HS of low nests in 2012 and relocated nests in 2013 only. No relationship was evident between wash-over and the HS of in situ nests deposited above the SHTL. The ability of models to explain the relationship between wash-over frequency and HS greatly improved after addition of the predictor variable ‘storm-induced inundation/wash-away’. Results of this study indicate the majority of low beach nests produce viable offspring. During nest relocations, participants sometimes report eggs are found broken at the center or bottom of the clutch, but with no sign of direct puncture caused by the probe (i.e. yolk and/or albumen on the probe tip). Since the cause of breakage is unknown, these eggs are recorded as ‘broken in nest’ as opposed to the loss being attributed to probing. The goal of this study was to quantify egg loss associated with two nest location methods 1) probing and 2) hand digging the body pit to determine whether use of this tool is correlated with significantly higher loss and/ or decreased HS. Specifically, it was determined whether the number of eggs found broken inside nest cavities was significantly greater when using the probe to locate the clutch compared to an alternative method (hand digging) and whether nests found with the probe exhibit significantly lower HS. Hatch success did not vary between the methods. In addition, no eggs were found broken in nests located by hand digging the body pit during the 2012 or 2013 loggerhead nesting seasons, suggesting loss attributed to the probe is greater than previously quantified. Results of this study suggest a strong correlation exists between the use of the probe as a nest location method and the presence of broken eggs in a nest upon location, however, this study does not provide evidence for causation of eggs found broken during nest relocations with no sign of direct puncture

The soldier and the scientist

To an average soldier the very name of a scientist conjures up strange visions of grey haired old gentleman who spend their lives in back cellars bending over flasks and tubes looking for things which are not there, their brain brimming with ideas, their enthusiasm always worked up to a high pitch. To a scientist the modern soldier is no less intriguing when he realizes the complexity of the modern army, which uses intricate weapons. The soldier makes a demand on the scientist who not only satisfies this demand by producing a machine which is simple to operate but even suggests to the soldier the possible developments that may help to achieve natio

Companding Flash Analog-To-Digital Converters

This report will demonstrate how a companding flash analog-to-digital converter can be used to satisfy both the dynamic range and resolution requirements of an infrared imaging system. In the past, infrared imaging systems had to rely on analog electronics to process a thermal image. This was costly and, in many ways, inefficient but the only way to perform the function. Digital processing was impractical because ADC conversion speeds were slow with respect to video frequencies. Furthermore, it is impossible to gain the necessary dynamic range using linear conversion techniques without large digital wordlengths. Therefore, the principles of companding flash analog-to-digital converters will be shown and analyzed. The advantages of companding with respect to linear conversion will be demonstrated and the problem of sufficient comparator resolution within the compression region outlined

Transforming Financial Services: The Impact of FinTech Innovation on the Customer Adoption

This study aimed to determine the correlations between FinTech innovation, banking sector transformation, and customer adoption of FinTech-based services in Pakistan's banking sector. Data was collected from Pakistani bank employees using a quantitative research methodology. A survey questionnaire was used to gather responses on innovation in fintech, banking sector transformation, and customer uptake of fintech-based services. The results showed a strong positive correlation between FinTech innovation and customer uptake in the banking industry, which was mediated by banking sector transformation. This highlights the importance of banks altering their business models and services to effectively utilise FinTech solutions. By adopting FinTech innovations and supporting banking sector change, financial institutions can increase consumer uptake, position themselves for sustainable growth, and remain competitive in the rapidly changing financial services industry. This study provides valuable insights for banking executives and decision-makers seeking to enhance customer service and support the growth of the banking industry in innovation and resilience

Understanding how real time oscilloscopes achieve > 16 GHz bandwidth

Author Institution: Agilent TechnologiesSlides presented at the 5th Annual Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) Users Conference held at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, September 8-9, 2010

Socio Economic Impact of Mobile Phones on the Bottom of Pyramid Population- A Pilot Study

AbstractThe proliferation of mobile phones has contributed in reducing the rural urban differential across several developing nations around the world. India is second to China in terms of mobile phone usage with ever increasing rural penetration of hardware and mobile service providers. The mobile phone technology has created a positive impact on, enhancing job prospects, improving literacy and healthcare and thereby contributing in poverty reduction. It has also enabled superior social network. In this work we report the results of a pilot study executed to understand the socioeconomic impact of mobile phones on the bottom of pyramid (BOP) population