Beware ‘persuasive communication devices’ when writing and reading scientific articles

Authors rely on a range of devices and techniques to attract and maintain the interest of readers, and to convince them of the merits of the author’s point of view. However, when writing a scientific article, authors must use these ‘persuasive communication devices’ carefully. In particular, they must be explicit about the limitations of their work, avoid obfuscation, and resist the temptation to oversell their results. Here we discuss a list of persuasive communication devices and we encourage authors, as well as reviewers and editors, to think carefully about their use

Investigation méthodologique pour l'étude des interactions menace-conservatisme-prosocialité

Étudier et appliquer les avancées méthodologiques et statistiques récentes au champ de la psychophysiologie sociale dans le but de comprendre les interactions entre menace perçue, conservatisme cognitif, et comportements d'approche prosociaux

High frequency heart rate variability and prosocial behaviours : A causal approach to the Polyvagal theory

La théorie polyvagale (Porges, 2007) propose la flexibilité physiologique commecorrélat des compétences socio-émotionnelles. Cette flexibilité physiologique est en partie déterminée par les interactions coeur-cerveau mesurables par la variabilité cardiaque de haute fréquence (HF-HRV). Selon cette théorie, une plus haute HF-HRV devrait être associée à une meilleure perception des émotions et à des comportements davantage prosociaux. Si plusieurs données tendent à corroborer cette proposition, aucune étude ne permet de tester précisément ces hypothèses. Nous avons donc mené une série d’études ayant pour but de les tester. Dans une première étude, nous avons testé le lien entre HF-HRV et comportement prosocial mesuré par le niveau de coopération. Le niveau de HF-HRV prédisait le niveau de coopération mais dans un contexte spécifique. Notre deuxième étude avait pour but de tester le lien entre HF-HRV et perception des émotions. Ici, le niveau de HF-HRV ne prédisait pas de meilleures performances en reconnaissance d’émotions. Nous avons ensuite voulu tester un éventuel lien causal existant entre HF-HRV et prosocialité. Pour cela nous avons réalisé une expérience (étude 3) visant à manipuler la HF-HRV par biofeedback. Le biofeedback augmentait la HF-HRV mais uniquement chez les individus avec une faible ligne de base. L’étude 4 testait si manipuler la HF-HRV par biofeedback modulait le comportement de coopération. Nous n’avons pas répliqué nosrésultats quant à l’efficacité du biofeedback et n’avons donc pas observé d’effet sur la coopération. La cinquième et dernière étude permettait de tester si manipuler la prosocialité modulait le niveau de HF-HRV. Nous n’avons pas observé d’effet de notre manipulation expérimentale sur la HF-HRV. En conclusion, la prédiction de la théorie polyvagale est corroborée par les données empiriques quant au lien entre HF-HRV et comportements prosociaux mais aucune confirmation n’a pu étayer le rapport entre perception des émotions et HF-HRV. Dans le cas des manipulations expérimentales à court terme, aucune relation causale entre HF-HRV et comportements prosociaux n’a été observée.The polyvagal theory (Porges, 2007) proposes physiological flexibility as thecorrelate of socio-emotional skills. This physiological flexibility is partially determined by heart-brain interactions measurable by heart rate variability of high frequency (HF-HRV). According to this theory, higher HF-HRV should be associated with better perception of emotions and more prosocial behaviors. If more and more data tend to support this proposal, no experiment allowed to accurately test these hypotheses. We therefore carried-out a set of studies in order to test them. In a first study, we tested the link between HF-HRV and prosocial behavior measured by the level of cooperation. HF-HRV level predicted the level of cooperation but in a specific context. Our second study was designed to test the link between HF-HRV and perception of emotions. Here, the HF-HRV level did not predict better performance in recognition ofemotions. We then wanted to test a possible causal link existing between HF-HRV and prosociality. For this we performed an experiment (Study 3) to manipulate HF-HRV by biofeedback. Biofeedback increased HF-HRV levels but only in low baseline individuals. Study 4 tested whether manipulating HF-HRV by biofeedback could modulate the behavior of cooperation. We did not replicate our findings about the effectiveness of biofeedback and therefore did not observe any effect on cooperation. The fifth and final study allowed to test whether manipulating prosociality modulated the level of HF-HRV. We did not observe any effect of our experimental manipulation on HF-HRV. In conclusion, the prediction made by the polyvagal theory about the link between HF-HRV and prosocial behaviors is corroborated by empirical data but data does not support the link between the perception of emotions and HF-HRV. Short-term experimental manipulations did not reveal any causal relationship between HF-HRV and prosocial behaviors

Variabilité cardiaque de haute fréquence et comportements prosociaux : Approche causale de la théorie polyvagale

The polyvagal theory (Porges, 2007) proposes physiological flexibility as thecorrelate of socio-emotional skills. This physiological flexibility is partially determined by heart-brain interactions measurable by heart rate variability of high frequency (HF-HRV). According to this theory, higher HF-HRV should be associated with better perception of emotions and more prosocial behaviors. If more and more data tend to support this proposal, no experiment allowed to accurately test these hypotheses. We therefore carried-out a set of studies in order to test them. In a first study, we tested the link between HF-HRV and prosocial behavior measured by the level of cooperation. HF-HRV level predicted the level of cooperation but in a specific context. Our second study was designed to test the link between HF-HRV and perception of emotions. Here, the HF-HRV level did not predict better performance in recognition ofemotions. We then wanted to test a possible causal link existing between HF-HRV and prosociality. For this we performed an experiment (Study 3) to manipulate HF-HRV by biofeedback. Biofeedback increased HF-HRV levels but only in low baseline individuals. Study 4 tested whether manipulating HF-HRV by biofeedback could modulate the behavior of cooperation. We did not replicate our findings about the effectiveness of biofeedback and therefore did not observe any effect on cooperation. The fifth and final study allowed to test whether manipulating prosociality modulated the level of HF-HRV. We did not observe any effect of our experimental manipulation on HF-HRV. In conclusion, the prediction made by the polyvagal theory about the link between HF-HRV and prosocial behaviors is corroborated by empirical data but data does not support the link between the perception of emotions and HF-HRV. Short-term experimental manipulations did not reveal any causal relationship between HF-HRV and prosocial behaviors.La théorie polyvagale (Porges, 2007) propose la flexibilité physiologique commecorrélat des compétences socio-émotionnelles. Cette flexibilité physiologique est en partie déterminée par les interactions coeur-cerveau mesurables par la variabilité cardiaque de haute fréquence (HF-HRV). Selon cette théorie, une plus haute HF-HRV devrait être associée à une meilleure perception des émotions et à des comportements davantage prosociaux. Si plusieurs données tendent à corroborer cette proposition, aucune étude ne permet de tester précisément ces hypothèses. Nous avons donc mené une série d’études ayant pour but de les tester. Dans une première étude, nous avons testé le lien entre HF-HRV et comportement prosocial mesuré par le niveau de coopération. Le niveau de HF-HRV prédisait le niveau de coopération mais dans un contexte spécifique. Notre deuxième étude avait pour but de tester le lien entre HF-HRV et perception des émotions. Ici, le niveau de HF-HRV ne prédisait pas de meilleures performances en reconnaissance d’émotions. Nous avons ensuite voulu tester un éventuel lien causal existant entre HF-HRV et prosocialité. Pour cela nous avons réalisé une expérience (étude 3) visant à manipuler la HF-HRV par biofeedback. Le biofeedback augmentait la HF-HRV mais uniquement chez les individus avec une faible ligne de base. L’étude 4 testait si manipuler la HF-HRV par biofeedback modulait le comportement de coopération. Nous n’avons pas répliqué nosrésultats quant à l’efficacité du biofeedback et n’avons donc pas observé d’effet sur la coopération. La cinquième et dernière étude permettait de tester si manipuler la prosocialité modulait le niveau de HF-HRV. Nous n’avons pas observé d’effet de notre manipulation expérimentale sur la HF-HRV. En conclusion, la prédiction de la théorie polyvagale est corroborée par les données empiriques quant au lien entre HF-HRV et comportements prosociaux mais aucune confirmation n’a pu étayer le rapport entre perception des émotions et HF-HRV. Dans le cas des manipulations expérimentales à court terme, aucune relation causale entre HF-HRV et comportements prosociaux n’a été observée

HEALTHY ADULTS WITH LOWEST LEVELS OF COOPERATION ARE MORE COOPERATIVE AFTER HEART RATE VARIABILITY BIOFEEDBACK

The polyvagal theory posits that autonomic flexibility is a physiological basis of pro-social behaviors. Recent works confirmed the association between these two variables. However, it is difficult to determine whether autonomic flexibility influences pro-social behaviors, or if pro-social tendencies impact on autonomic flexibility, or both. We wanted to test the first hypothesis according to which autonomic flexibility influences pro-social choices. We manipulated the high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) of healthy adults by HF-HRV biofeedback. It is established that HF-HRV is a marker of autonomic flexibility and that it can be increased by biofeedback exercise. 24 participants completed a hawk-dove game where they had to choose either a cooperative or competitive option for money. They completed the game across 3 sessions: before biofeedback (baseline), after real biofeedback, and after sham biofeedback (order randomized in a within-subject design). We computed a score of cooperation evolution between after and before biofeedback (real and sham). Regression analysis showed a significant interaction between biofeedback condition (real vs. sham) and cooperation baseline. In the real condition, cooperation evolution was significantly and negatively associated with cooperation baseline. Participants with lower baseline cooperation level were more cooperative after real but not after sham biofeedback training. These preliminary results suggest that HF-HRV biofeedback can increase cooperation level for lower cooperative individuals, and support the first hypothesis

Postprint: "Anthropomorphising Ourselves: The Origin of the Free Will Illusion"

Humanity is facing a number of urgent problems (such as global warming, pollution). It tries to solve these problems using the research fields such as physics or chemistry which succeeded in solving industrial problems in the last century. We suggest that today, problems do not emerge from a lack of technology but from a bad use of our brain. We therefore propose that psychology is one of the best candidates to solve the current difficulties of our species. We illustrate this phenomenon through the question of free will. Our theory is that free will is an artificial construct of human beings, responsible for many disasters when extended to a societal dimension, revealing how bias from the mind can lead to a evolutionary disadvantage

A fully automated, transparent, reproducible, and blind protocol for sequential analyses

International audienceDespite many cultural, methodological, and technical improvements, one of the major obstacle to results reproducibility remains the pervasive low statistical power. In response to this problem, a lot of attention has recently been drawn to sequential analyses. This type of procedure has been shown to be more efficient (to require less observations and therefore less resources) than classical fixed-N procedures. However, these procedures are submitted to both intrapersonal and interpersonal biases during data collection and data analysis. In this tutorial, we explain how automation can be used to prevent these biases. We show how to synchronise open and free experiment software programs with the Open Science Framework and how to automate sequential data analyses in R. This tutorial is intended to researchers with beginner experience with R but no previous experience with sequential analyses is required

Data_frequentist_analysis

Data used for frequentist analyse