Une géographie impliquée en faveur de la réforme territoriale : l'exemple du groupe des « 15 » en Normandie

International audienceThis text presents an experience conducted since 2011 by fifteen geographers from the three universities implanted in Normandy (Caen, Le Havre and Rouen) engaged in the regional public debate. Their aim is to support several territorial reforms: the union of the Norman regions, the promotion of a regional metropolitan network, the improving of regional democratic deliberation. This paper intends to offer a reflexive return on this initiative to highlight its objectives, its modalities of implementation, its social impact but also its political imperfections. Having received a greater audience than expected, this experience shows how territorial sciences can contribute to the implementation of a richer collective intelligence, in particular about the understandings of the goals pursued by those who are in charge of territorial reforms.Ce texte présente l’expérience menée depuis 2011 par quinze géographes des trois universités de Normandie (Caen, Le Havre et Rouen) engagés dans le débat public régional en faveur de plusieurs réformes structurelles des territoires de l’action publique. Cette implication s’est traduite par plusieurs prises de position : le soutien à la fusion des régions normandes, la promotion d’un réseau métropolitain régional, la participation active à la délibération démocratique régionale. Il s’agit de proposer un retour réflexif sur cette initiative afin d’en souligner les objectifs, les modalités de réalisation, l’impact social mais aussi les limites politiques. Recevant un écho social dépassant les ambitions initiales du collectif, cette expérience montre comment les sciences du territoire peuvent contribuer à une meilleure intelligence collective, en particulier à propos de la compréhension des enjeux poursuivis par ceux qui sont en charge de la réforme territoriale

Analysis method for studying national visions of Europe in school textbooks

This methodological guideline was the tool used in the framework of the FP7 EuroBroadMap project in order to study Europe's representations in textbooks, inside and outside European Union. The first part presents the curriculum questionnaire, the second one the textbook analysis itself. This paper completes the textbook analysis (see EuroBroadMap working paper, textbook analysis).Ce guide méthodologique a été l'outil utilisé dans le cadre du projet de recherche européen EuroBroadMap afin d'étudier les représentations de l'Europe dans les manuels scolaires, tant à l'extérieur qu'à l'intérieur de l'Union européenne. La première partie présente le questionnaire relatif au programme scolaire, la seconde le questionnaire relatif à l'étude des manuels scolaires. Ce papier complète l'analyse des manuels scolaires (voir Eurobroadmap working paper, textbook analysis)

Friday Night Lights (NBC et The 101 Network, 2006-2011) ou le réinvestissement du mythe de la small town

À partir de l’exemple de Friday Night Lights, cet article entend montrer comment la double adaptation d’un livre documentaire puis d’un film au format d’une série télévisée peut conduire à une amplification et à un approfondissement de la mise en scène tels que l’histoire particulière d’une petite communauté locale du Texas conduit à une relecture originale de quelques-uns des grands thèmes de la fiction télévisée contemporaine (la réalisation de soi, la cohésion sociale, la pression communautaire, etc.). Le réinvestissement du mythe géographique de la small town donne alors l’occasion aux créateurs de la série de proposer une représentation humaniste et nuancée de la vie collective, alternative aux visions désabusées ou nihilistes qui prolifèrent par ailleurs dans nombre de drama series diffusées sur les chaînes du câble aux États-Unis, sans pour autant renoncer à la vraisemblance des événements ou à la puissance des émotions.Taking Friday Night Lights for an example, this article aims to show how the adaptation of a documentary book, then a film in the format of a TV series can lead to an amplification and a deepening of the mise en scène such that the particular story of a small, local community in Texas leads to an original rereading of several important themes of contemporary TV fiction (self realization, social cohesion, peer pressure, etc.). The reinvestment of the geographical myth of the small town offers an occasion to the series’ creators to show a humanist and nuanced representation of collective life, as an alternative to cynical and nihilist visions that proliferate elsewhere in a number of drama series broadcasted on cable channels in the United States, without necessarily renouncing the plausibility of events and the power of emotions

Enabling technologies for decentralized interpersonal communication

In the recent years the Internet users have witnessed the emergence of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) technologies and applications. One class of P2P applications is comprised of applications that are targeted for interpersonal communication. The communication applications that utilize P2P technologies are referred to as decentralized interpersonal communication applications. Such applications are decentralized in a sense that they do not require assistance from centralized servers for setting up multimedia sessions between users. The invention of Distributed Hash Table (DHT) algorithms has been an important, but not an inclusive enabler for decentralized interpersonal communication. Even though the DHTs provide a basic foundation for decentralization, there are still a number of challenges without viable technological solutions. The main contribution of this thesis is to propose technological solutions to a subset of the existing challenges. In addition, this thesis also presents the preliminary work for the technological solutions. There are two parts in the preliminary work. In the first part, a set of DHT algorithms are evaluated from the viewpoint of decentralized interpersonal communication, and the second part gives a coherent presentation of the challenges that a decentralized interpersonal communication application is going to encounter in mobile networks. The technological solution proposals contain two architectures and two algorithms. The first architecture enables an interconnection between a decentralized and a centralized communication network, and the second architecture enables the decentralization of a set of legacy applications. The first algorithm is a load balancing algorithm that enables good scalability, and the second algorithm is a search algorithm that enables arbitrary searches. The algorithms can be used, for example, in DHT-based networks. Even though this thesis has focused on the decentralized interpersonal communication, some of the proposed technological solutions also have general applicability outside the scope of decentralized interpersonal communication

Mental maps of students - Volume 5

This eurobroadmap working paper, split in 5 different volumes, presents the synthesis of a large survey launched in 2009 on 9000 undergraduate students from 18 different countries. The volume 1 includes the executive summary, plus elements regarding the five different volumes (references, list of figures, etc). The second one presents the aims and the organisation of the survey. The third one deals with the scale of the feeling of belonging. The fourth one presents explanatory models about countries and cities attractiveness. The final volume presents Europe representations in both cartographic and lexical ways

How can f-block mono-cations behave as Mono-Cations of d-block transition metals ?

International audienceThe electronic structures of LnNH + is studied by DFT (B3LYP) quantum calculation for the Ln = La, Eu and Gd 4f-block elements (lanthanides). Ln ≡N triple bonds of essentially d-character are formed for La and Gd explaining why La + and Gd + behave like d-block elements as experimentally evidenced by mass spectrometry, and why the Ln + reactivity is correlated with its electron-promotion energy: the present theoretical study is a support to such correlation and qualitative knowledge. The Ln + + NH 3 → LnNH 3 + → transition state → HLn=NH 2 + → transition state → Ln≡NH + + H 2 reaction pathway is calculated. The formation of HLn=NH 2 + corresponds to the formation of new covalent bonds associated with more electron pairing, and corresponding lowering of the spin multiplicity-spin crossing reaction. It is in this step that low electron-promotion energy is required to promote an Ln 4f electron onto an Ln 5d orbital as typically for La + and Gd +. Similar geometry, bonding and electronic cofiguration are calculated for NpNH +-an actinide complex observed by mass spectrometry-with higher participation of 5f-valence orbitals (20% and 25% for the σ and π bonds) as compared to the 4f-valence orbitals (3% and 8%) of GdNH + : Gd + and Np + are the only lanthanide and actinide cations with two non-f-valence electrons-one s and one din their ground states. ____________ [a

JUN Oncogene Amplification and Overexpression Block Adipocytic Differentiation in Highly Aggressive Sarcomas

SummaryThe human oncogene JUN encodes a component of the AP-1 complex and is consequently involved in a wide range of pivotal cellular processes, including cell proliferation, transformation, and apoptosis. Nevertheless, despite extensive analyses of its functions, it has never been directly involved in a human cancer. We demonstrate here that it is highly amplified and overexpressed in undifferentiated and aggressive human sarcomas, which are blocked at an early step of adipocyte differentiation. We confirm by cellular and xenograft mouse models recapitulating these sarcoma genetics that the failure to differentiate is dependent upon JUN amplification/overexpression

Contribution à la compréhension des réactions ion gaz dans les cellules de collision-réaction des ICP-MS (application à la résolution d'interférences isobariques et poly-atomiques)

La Spectrométrie de Masse par Plasma à Couplage Inductif (ICP-MS) s est imposée comme technique d analyse inorganique, de par sa souplesse d utilisation, sa sensibilité et sa reproductibilité. L analyse élémentaire et isotopique des combustibles nucléaires irradiés et de cibles de transmutation, doit faire face à un spectre de masse riche, dû à la présence de nombreux radionucléides. La technique ICP-MS ne peut toutefois pas différencier les ions de même masse ce qui induit des interférences isobariques et poly-atomiques quand les ions de même masse sont des espèces chimiques différentes. La majorité des ICP-MS de nouvelles générations sont équipés d un dispositif de cellule de collision-réaction permettant la résolution in situ de telles interférences. Ce dispositif est un multipôle (quadripôle, hexapôle ou octopôle) rempli de gaz dont les molécules percutent les ions formés dans le plasma puis éventuellement réagissent. La résolution des interférences est alors basée sur la différence de réactivité chimique qui peut exister entre l ion d intérêt et son interférant, vis-à-vis d un gaz de réaction donné : le choix du gaz est essentiel. Une meilleure compréhension des réactions ions gaz pourrait ainsi aider à choisir le gaz réactif. Trois ICP-MS, avec différentes géométries de cellule de collision-réaction, ont été utilisés pour cette étude : Perkin Elmer Elan DRC e (quadripôle), Thermo Fischer X serie II (hexapôle) et Agilent Technologies 7700x (octopôle). L influence de la géométrie de la cellule sur différents paramètres expérimentaux et sur la résolution de l interférence poly-atomique 56Fe+/40Ar16O+ a été déterminée afin de mesurer le fer à l état de trace ou d ultra-trace. Cette étude préliminaire a ensuite été appliquée pour mesurer le fer en tant qu impureté dans l oxyde d uranium, puis valider la méthode à l aide d un matériau de référence. La réactivité de métaux de transition (Zr, Ru, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn), de lanthanides (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er et Yb) et d actinides (U, Np, Pu, Am et Cm), éléments d intérêts dans le domaine du nucléaire, a été testée vis-à-vis de nombreux gaz (O2, CO, CO2, N2O, NO, CH4, C2H4, C3H8, NH3, CH3Cl et COS). Parmi ces gaz, l ammoniac est un gaz sélectif de lanthanides entre eux et aussi d'actinides. L étude théorique, menée par des calculs DFT (Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité) et ab initio (MP2 et CCSD(T)) a permis de reproduire la différence de réactivité de quatre cations lanthanide (La+, Sm+, Eu+ et Gd+). Les chemins de réactions, les profils d énergie potentielle, les orbitales moléculaires et l influence de la configuration électronique le long du chemin de réaction ont permis de proposer une explication de la différence de réactivité observée. Quelques résultats expérimentaux et calculs de chimie quantique indiquent comment étendre ces explications aux actinides.Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) emerged as the most essential technique in inorganic analytical chemistry thanks to its numerous assets, particularly its flexibility, its sensitivity and its reproducibility. As part of the elementary and isotopic analysis of irradiated fuel and transmutation target, the analyst is faced with a complex mass spectrum, due to the presence of many radionuclides. ICP-MS can not differentiate ions with the same mass, which induces isobaric and polyatomic interferences when the ions at the same mass are different chemical species. Last generations of ICP-MS have introduced collision reaction cells. It can in situ reduce these isobaric or polyatomic interferences. The cell is a multipol (quadrupole, hexapole or octopole) device filled with a collision and/or reaction gas. The gas molecules collide or possibly react with the ion beam, which eliminates or reduces interferences. Such resolution of interferences is based on the difference of chemical behaviours between the analyte and the interfering species: the choice of the gas is crucial. A better understanding of the ion gaz reaction should help choosing the reacting gases. Three ICP-MS, with the different cell geometries, were used for this study: Perkin Elmer Elan DRC e (quadrupole), Thermo Fischer X serie II (hexapole) and Agilent Technologies 7700x (octopole). The effects of the cell geometry on different experimental parameters and on the resolution of the 56Fe+/40Ar16O+ polyatomic interferences were examined to measure iron at trace or ultra-trace level. This preliminary study was applied to measure iron as impurities in uranium oxide, the method was then validated with a Certified Reference Material. The reactivities of transition metals (Zr, Ru, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn), lanthanides (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er and Yb) and actinides (U, Np, Pu, Am and Cm), elements of interest in the nuclear field, are studied with numerous gases (O2, CO, CO2, N2O, NO, CH4, C2H4, C3H8, NH3, CH3Cl and COS). Among these gases, ammonia appears to be a selective gas for lanthanides and actinides. DFT (Density Functional Theory) and ab initio calculations (MP2 and CCSD(T)) were able to reproduce the reactivity differences among lanthanide cations (La+, Sm+, Eu+ and Gd+). Reaction paths, potential energy surfaces, molecular orbitals and the influence of the electronic configuration along the reaction path are used to propose an explanation for the observed differences in the chemical behaviours. A few experimental results and quantum calculations indicate how to extend these explanations to actinides.EVRY-Bib. électronique (912289901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Spatial normalization of array-CGH data

BACKGROUND: Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) is a recently developed technique for analyzing changes in DNA copy number. As in all microarray analyses, normalization is required to correct for experimental artifacts while preserving the true biological signal. We investigated various sources of systematic variation in array-CGH data and identified two distinct types of spatial effect of no biological relevance as the predominant experimental artifacts: continuous spatial gradients and local spatial bias. Local spatial bias affects a large proportion of arrays, and has not previously been considered in array-CGH experiments. RESULTS: We show that existing normalization techniques do not correct these spatial effects properly. We therefore developed an automatic method for the spatial normalization of array-CGH data. This method makes it possible to delineate and to eliminate and/or correct areas affected by spatial bias. It is based on the combination of a spatial segmentation algorithm called NEM (Neighborhood Expectation Maximization) and spatial trend estimation. We defined quality criteria for array-CGH data, demonstrating significant improvements in data quality with our method for three data sets coming from two different platforms (198, 175 and 26 BAC-arrays). CONCLUSION: We have designed an automatic algorithm for the spatial normalization of BAC CGH-array data, preventing the misinterpretation of experimental artifacts as biologically relevant outliers in the genomic profile. This algorithm is implemented in the R package MANOR (Micro-Array NORmalization), which is described at and available from the Bioconductor site . It can also be tested on the CAPweb bioinformatics platform at

Reactivity of Lanthanoid Mono-Cations with Ammonia : a Combined Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Computational Investigation

International audienceThe behavior of La+, Sm+, Eu+ and Gd+ with NH3(g) and ND3(g) was studied to understand gas phase chemical reactions used for separations in the reaction cell of a quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). For Ln+ = La+ and Gd+, the primary reaction channel is the formation of the LnNH+ protonated nitride leading to H2 elimination. The LnNH(NH3)1-5+ ammonia complexes of the Ln protonated nitride are further generated. Sm+ and Eu+ are less reactive: the protonated nitride is not detected, and only small amounts of Ln(NH3)0-6+ are observed. Quantum chemical calculations at the DFT, MP2, CCSD(T) and CASPT2 levels of theory were employed to explore the potential energy surfaces. For the La+ and Gd+ ions of f-block elements, the reaction pathways are composed of three steps: first the formation of LnNH3+, then the isomerization to HLnNH2+, and finally the loss of H2 associated with the formation of an Lnsingle bondN triple bond in the final product LnNH+. On the other hand, the isomerization leading to triple bond formation with H2 loss did not proceed for Sm+ and Eu+ ions