Evaluación de calidad de agua de los ríos y quebradas del distrito de Oxapampa a través de macroinvertebrados

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la calidad del agua de los ríos Chontabamba, Huancabamba, Llamaquizu y Quebrada Esperanza del distrito de Oxapampa, a través de macroinvertebrados acuáticos como bioindicadores de la calidad del agua. El muestreo se realizó en los meses de noviembre, diciembre del 2022 y enero del 2023, se identificaron un total de 6 puntos y se evaluaron los parámetros físicos y químicos in situ: temperatura, potencial de hidrógeno, oxígeno disuelto, sólidos totales disueltos y conductividad eléctrica, así mismo, los macroinvertebrados acuáticos fueron recolectados con una red net tipo D y depositadas en alcohol al 70%, y se llevaron al laboratorio para su identificación. Se identificaron 14 órdenes y 27 familias de macroinvertebrados en los ríos y quebrada de Oxapampa, concluyendo que la calidad del agua con el índice EPT se define, para el río Chontabamba: "buena" y "muy buena", Quebrada Esperanza y río Llamaquizu: "mala" y río Huancabamba: "regular" a "mala". Así mismo, con el índice BMWP/col la calidad del agua del río Chontabamba: "aceptable", Quebrada Esperanza: "critica", río Llamaquizu: "dudosa" y río Huancabamba: "aceptable" a "dudosa", ante ello, se recomienda promover campañas de sensibilización para los habitantes del distrito de Oxapampa acerca la importancia de la conservación de los ecosistemas, manejo de residuos sólidos y el cuidado del recurso hídrico

Ursolic and oleanolic acids as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory compounds for tuberculosis treatment

BACKGROUND: New alternatives for the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed and medicinal plants represent a potential option. Chamaedora tepejilote and Lantana hispida are medicinal plants from Mexico and their hexanic extracts have shown antimycobacterial activity. Bioguided investigation of these extracts showed that the active compounds were ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA). METHODS: The activity of UA and OA against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, four monoresistant strains, and two drug-resistant clinical isolates were determined by MABA test. The intracellular activity of UA and OA against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a MDR clinical isolate were evaluated in a macrophage cell line. Finally, the antitubercular activity of UA and OA was tested in BALB/c mice infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv or a MDR strain, by determining pulmonary bacilli loads, tissue damage by automated histomorphometry, and expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and iNOS by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: The in vitro assay showed that the UA/OA mixture has synergistic activity. The intracellular activity of these compounds against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a MDR clinical isolate in a macrophage cell line showed that both compounds, alone and in combination, were active against intracellular mycobacteria even at low doses. Moreover, when both compounds were used to treat BALB/c mice with TB induced by H37Rv or MDR bacilli, a significant reduction of bacterial loads and pneumonia were observed compared to the control. Interestingly, animals treated with UA and OA showed a higher expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α in their lungs, than control animals. CONCLUSION: UA and OA showed antimicrobial activity plus an immune-stimulatory effect that permitted the control of experimental pulmonary TB

16α‐Bromoepiandrosterone as a new candidate for experimental diabetes‐tuberculosis comorbidity treatment

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single bacterial infectious agent and is one of the most relevant issues of public health. Another pandemic disease is type II diabetes mellitus (T2D) that is estimated to affect half a billion people in the world. T2D is directly associated with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle and is frequently associated with immunosuppression. Immune dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia increases infection frequency and severity. Thus, in developing countries the T2D/TB co-morbidity is frequent and represents one of the most significant challenges for the health-care systems. Several immunoendocrine abnormalities are occurring during the chronic phase of both diseases, such as high extra-adrenal production of active glucocorticoids (GCs) by the activity of 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11-βHSD1). 11-βHSD1 catalyzes the conversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol or corticosterone in lungs and liver, while 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11-βHSD2) has the opposite effect. Active GCs have been related to insulin resistance and suppression of Th1 responses, which are deleterious factors in both T2D and TB. The anabolic adrenal hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) exerts antagonistic effects on GC signaling in immune cells and metabolic tissues; however, its anabolic effects prohibit its use to treat immunoendocrine diseases. 16α-bromoepiandrosterone (BEA) is a water miscible synthetic sterol related to DHEA that lacks an anabolic effect while amplifying the immune and metabolic properties with important potential therapeutic uses. In this work, we compared the expression of 11-βHSD1 and the therapeutic efficacy of BEA in diabetic mice infected with tuberculosis (TB) (T2D/TB) with respect to non-diabetic TB-infected mice (TB). T2D was induced by feeding mice with a high-fat diet and administering a single low-dose of streptozotocin. After 4 weeks of T2D establishment, mice were infected intratracheally with a high-dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. Then, mice were treated with BEA three times a week by subcutaneous and intratracheal routes. Infection with TB increased the expression of 11-βHSD1 and corticosterone in the lungs and liver of both T2D/TB and TB mice; however, T2D/TB mice developed a more severe lung disease than TB mice. In comparison with untreated animals, BEA decreased GC and 11-βHSD1 expression while increasing 11-βHSD2 expression. These molecular effects of BEA were associated with a reduction in hyperglycemia and liver steatosis, lower lung bacillary loads and pneumonia. These results uphold BEA as a promising effective therapy for the T2D/TB co-morbidity.Fil: López Torres, Manuel Othoniel. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Marquina Castillo, Brenda. Instittuto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Ramos Espinosa, Octavio. Instittuto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Mata Espinosa, Dulce. Instittuto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Barrios Payan, Jorge A.. Instittuto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Baay Guzman, Guillermina. Instittuto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Huerta Yepez, Sara. Instittuto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Bini, Estela Isabel. Instittuto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Torre Villalvazo, Ivan. Instittuto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Torres, Nimbe. Instittuto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Tovar, Armando. Instittuto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Chamberlin, William. No especifíca;Fil: Ge, Yu. No especifíca;Fil: Carranza, Maria Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Houssay. Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones En Medicina Traslacional. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiologicas "prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini". Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones En Medicina Traslacional.; ArgentinaFil: Hernández Pando, Rogelio. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion; Méxic

Efecto del Foeniculum vulgare en el perfil lipídico de adultos jóvenes con sobrepeso y obesidad.

RESUMENIntroducción: Foeniculum vulgare (hinojo) es una hierba proveniente de la familia Apiaceae. Su cultivo y uso en la medicina tradicional es amplio en el Perú. Objetivo: Demostrar el efecto del Foeniculum vulgare en el perfil lipídico de adultos jóvenes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo experimental puro prospectivo. Participaron 34 adultos jóvenes, formándose dos grupos de 17 participantes cada uno; un grupo control (GC), a los que se les administró un té placebo de gelatina neutra y uno experimental (GE), a los que se les dio té de hinojo (250 ml), ambos durante 21 días. Resultados: Se aplicó la prueba t-Student (p<0,05) y la prueba Wilcoxon para muestras relacionados y la U de Mann- Whitney para muestras independientes al evaluar triglicéridos. Después de tres semanas de administración de Foeniculum vulgare en el GE el colesterol y triglicéridos bajó significativamente, 5,49% y 26,36%, respectivamente (p<0,05). Conclusión: El consumo del Foeniculum vulgare en adultos jóvenes con sobrepeso y obesidad reduce significativamente los niveles de triglicéridos y colesterol total; no hubo variación significativa de los niveles de c-LDL ni c-HDL.Palabras clave: Foeniculum vulgare, triglicéridos, colesterol, HDL, LDL, sobrepeso, obesidad. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rmt.2019.v14i03.0

Las emociones en los procesos pedagógicos y artísticos

Este cuarto volumen de la Colección Emociones e Interdisciplina orienta la mirada hacia dos dimensiones centrales, en las cuales la afectividad se analiza tanto a partir de los procesos pedagógicos, como del arte y del registro de lo estético. Esta mirada se adentra en el estudio del sujeto que siente, piensa y reflexiona y es justo, a partir de este punto, donde es posible acotar, teórica y metodológicamente, las emociones y sus expresiones como objeto de estudio sociológico.ITESO. A.C

The Role of High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein (HMGB1) in the Immunopathology of Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Background The high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is the prototype of alarmin protein released by stressed or dying cells. The redox state of this protein confers different functions in the regulation of inflammation and immune response. Aim Determine the kinetics, cellular sources and function of HMGB1 in experimental tuberculosis. Methods BALB/c mice were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. At different time points, HMGB1 was quantified in bronchial lavage fluid (BALF) and in lungs was determined its cellular sources by immunohistochemistry. HMGB1 was blocked with specific antibodies or recombinant HMGB1 was administered during early or late infection. Bacilli burdens, inflammation and cytokines expression were determined. Results The maximal concentration of HMGB1 in BALF was at day one of infection. Bronchial epithelium and macrophages were the most important sources. At day 7 to 21 the oxidized HMGB1 was predominant, while during late infection only the reduced form was seen. Blocking HMGB1 during early infection produced significant decrease of bacilli burdens and high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while the opposite was seen when HMGB1 was administered. Blocking HMGB1 activity or administrated it in high amounts during late infection worsening the disease. Conclusions HMGB1 is liberated during experimental tuberculosis and promotes or suppress the immune response and inflammation depending on the redox state.Fil: Bottasso, Oscar. Institute of Experimental and Clinic Immunology, Rosario, IDICER, CONICET, School of Medical Sciences. UNR. Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Bini, Estela Isabel. Institute of Experimental and Clinic Immunology, Rosario, IDICER, CONICET, School of Medical Sciences. UNR. Rosario; Argentin

Political Constitution of Peru

Presenta la Constitución Política del Perú en una versión sumillada, concordada y anotada artículo por artículo, con los precedentes y jurisprudencia vinculante del Tribunal Constitucional

Repeated Episodes of Ischemia/Reperfusion Induce Heme-Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and Anti-Inflammatory Responses and Protects against Chronic Kidney Disease

Preconditioning episodes of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) induce protection against acute kidney injury (AKI), however their long-term effect still unknown. We evaluated AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition, after three-mild or three-severe episodes of IR. AKI was induced by single bilateral IR (1IR), or three episodes of IR separated by 10-day intervals (3IR) of mild (20 min) or severe (45 min) ischemia. Sham-operated rats served as controls. During 9-months, the 1IR group (20 or 45 min) developed CKD evidenced by progressive proteinuria and renal fibrosis. In contrast, the long-term adverse effects of AKI were markedly ameliorated in the 3IR group. The acute response in 3IR, contrasted with the 1IR group, that was characterized by an increment in heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and an anti-inflammatory response mediated by a NFkB-p65 phosphorylation and IL-6 decrease, together with an increase in TGF-β, and IL-10 expression, as well as in M2-macrophages. In addition, three episodes of IR downregulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers expression, CHOP and BiP. Thus, repeated episodes of IR with 10-day intervals induced long-term renal protection accompanied with HO-1 overexpression and M2-macrophages increase