Methodology for the characterization of elastic constants of wood from tree branches

In biomechanical analyses, computational models are essential tools for simulating the behavior of a tree subjected to a load. However, such models allow only approximation of the actual behavior of the tree if the elastic parameters of the wood in different tree parts (stem, branches, and roots) and at least orthotropic behavior are not considered. In addition, as the wood is green, the parameters of strength and stiffness must be adequate for this level of moisture. However, even for stem wood, knowledge of elastic properties is not available for most species used in urban tree planting, and this scarcity of information is even greater for wood branches. The objective of this research was to evaluate methodology, based on wave propagation, in characterizing the 12 elastic constants of wood from branches. Complementarily, compression tests were performed to characterize the strength. The obtained elastic parameters using ultrasound tests were comparable with the values expected based on theoretical aspects related to the behavior of the wood. The results of the compression test complemented the ultrasound characterization, but the application of this method for the complete characterization of the elastic parameters is not feasible for tree branches because of their small size.1448439845

Application of X-ray technique in nondestructive evaluation of eucalypt wood

X-rays were initially used for the inspection of special-purpose wood pieces for quantitative evaluation of wood properties of different species. X-ray densitometry has had its use expanded in dendroclimatology of Picea engelmannii trees. Subsequent laboratories developed applications of X-ray densitometry for environmental, wood science and technology, and related areas. This paper describes the basic methodology of X-ray densitometry applied to the eucalypt wood analysis, as well as presenting the results of applications in three areas: (i) evaluation of wood biodegradation by white rot fungi, (ii) detection of sapwood and heartwood, and (iii) determination of the effect of management on wood properties. The wood decayed by white rot fungi was detected by X-ray densitometry with a decreasing wood density due to the biodegradation of cell wall components. The sapwood and heartwood of eucalypts were separated in response to the attenuation of X-rays, reflected by the wood anatomical structure and chemical composition. Also, in eucalypt trees after the application of irrigation and fertilizationirrigation characteristic wood density profiles were detected. In addition, the significant potential of X-ray densitometry for eucalypt wood research and analysis is discussed

APPLICATION OF X-RAY TECHNIQUE IN NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF EUCALYPT WOOD

X-rays were initially used for the inspection of special-purpose wood pieces for quantitative evaluation of wood properties of different species. X-ray densitometry has had its use expanded in dendroclimatology of Picea engelmannii trees. Subsequent laboratories developed applications of X-ray densitometry for environmental, wood science and technology, and related areas. This paper describes the basic methodology of X-ray densitometry applied to the eucalypt wood analysis, as well as presenting the results of applications in three areas: (i) evaluation of wood biodegradation by white rot fungi, (ii) detection of sapwood and heartwood, and (iii) determination of the effect of management on wood properties. The wood decayed by white rot fungi was detected by X-ray densitometry with a decreasing wood density due to the biodegradation of cell wall components. The sapwood and heartwood of eucalypts were separated in response to the attenuation of X-rays, reflected by the wood anatomical structure and chemical composition. Also, in eucalypt trees after the application of irrigation and fertilization-irrigation characteristic wood density profiles were detected. In addition, the significant potential of X-ray densitometry for eucalypt wood research and analysis is discussed

Application of X-ray technique in nondestructive evaluation of eucalypt wood

X-rays were initially used for the inspection of special-purpose wood pieces for quantitative evaluation of wood properties of different species. X-ray densitometry has had its use expanded in dendroclimatology of Picea engelmannii trees. Subsequent laboratories developed applications of X-ray densitometry for environmental, wood science and technology, and related areas. This paper describes the basic methodology of X-ray densitometry applied to the eucalypt wood analysis, as well as presenting the results of applications in three areas: (i) evaluation of wood biodegradation by white rot fungi, (ii) detection of sapwood and heartwood, and (iii) determination of the effect of management on wood properties. The wood decayed by white rot fungi was detected by X-ray densitometry with a decreasing wood density due to the biodegradation of cell wall components. The sapwood and heartwood of eucalypts were separated in response to the attenuation of X-rays, reflected by the wood anatomical structure and chemical composition. Also, in eucalypt trees after the application of irrigation and fertilizationirrigation characteristic wood density profiles were detected. In addition, the significant potential of X-ray densitometry for eucalypt wood research and analysis is discussed

APPLICATION OF X-RAY TECHNIQUE IN NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF EUCALYPT WOOD

X-rays were initially used for the inspection of special-purpose wood pieces for quantitative evaluation properties of different species. X-ray densitometry has had its use expanded ill dendroclimatology of Picea engelmannii trees. Subsequent laboratories developed applications of X-ray densitometry for environmental, wood science and technology, and related areas. This paper describes the basic methodology of X-ray densitometry applied to the eucalypt wood analysis, as well its presenting the results of applications in three areas: (i) evaluation of wood biodegradation by white rot fungi, (ii) detection of sapwood and heartwood, and (iii) determination of the effect of management oil wood properties. The wood decayed by white rot fungi was detected by X-ray densitometry with it decreasing wood density due to the biodegradation of cell wall components. The sapwood and heartwood of eucalypts were separated in response to the attenuation of X-rays, reflected by the wood anatomical structure and chemical composition. Also, Ill eucalypt trees after the application of irrigation and i characteristic wood density profiles were detected. Ill addition, the significant potential of X-ray densitometry for eucalypt wood research and analysis is discussed

Effects of Gd addition on the thermal and microstructural behaviors of the as-cast Cu-9 % Al and Cu-9 % Al-10 % Mn alloys

The effects of Gd addition on the thermal and microstructural behaviors of as-cast samples of the Cu-9 % Al and Cu-9 % Al-10 % Mn alloys were investigated using different experimental techniques. The results showed that the addition of Gd does not significantly interfere in the melting and solidification temperatures of the Cu-9 % Al alloy, but it decreases the stability of beta' martensitic phase during re-heating of sample, while the presence of Mn slows the beta(A2) phase decomposition during cooling and widens its stability field. The Cu-9 % Al-10 % Mn-3 % Gd alloy has characteristics close to those observed for the Cu-9 % Al-10 % Mn alloy, but the presence of Mn increases the solubility of Gd and induces the formation of Gd-rich precipitates with average size of 200 nm.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)UNIFESP, Dept Ciencias Exatas & Terra, Diadema, SP, BrazilFirat Univ, Dept Phys, Fac Sci, Elazig, TurkeyDepartamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, BrazilFAPESP: 2015/18996-0Web of Scienc

Amburana cearensis: Amburana-de-cheiro.

Árvore decídua na estação seca, com altura entre 6-12m (Figura 1). Caule com diâmetro superior a 30cm, geralmente ereto, com casca castanho-escura e ritidoma desprendendo-se em lâminas (Figura 2); ramos pouco estriados, glabros. Folhas compostas, 10-15cm de comprimento, alternas, imparipinadas, com pecíolos cilíndricos; folíolos subopostos ovais à elípticos, com base e ápice arredondados ou acuminados. Inflorescências axilares ou terminais, composta por numerosas flores de cor branco-amarelada, pequenas e aromáticas (Figura 3). Frutos do tipo vagem de cor escura, deiscente em um dos lados, contendo uma semente, ou raramente, duas. As sementes são aladas e apresentam coloração preta, rugosa, com cerca de 1cm de largura e 2cm de comprimento. Espécie é nativa, mas não é endêmica do Brasil. Ocorre nas regiões Norte (Tocantins), Nordeste (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte), Centro-oeste (Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul) e Sudeste (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo) (Flora do Brasil,2017).bitstream/item/189885/1/Livro-Nordeste-732-739-2018.pd

Myracrodruon urundeuva: Aroeira.

CARACTERÍSTICAS BOTÂNICAS: Árvore com altura entre 8-20m, podendo chegar a 30m, decídua na estação seca. Caule, geralmente ereto, diâmetro superior a 30cm e casca castanho-escura. Folhas compostas, imparipinadas, com onze a quinze folíolos. Inflorescências em panículas com 10 a 18cm de comprimento, brácteas e bractéolas deltoides, escariosas, ciliadas, caducas. As flores são díclinas, pentâmeras actinomorfas de coloração creme e aromáticas. Frutos do tipo drupa globosa ou ovoide, com cálice persistente, considerado um fruto-semente. Semente 1, globosa, com 0,2-0,4cm de diâmetro, desprovida de endosperma, com epicarpo castanho-escuro, mesocarpo castanho, carnoso, resinífero e tegumento membranáceo.bitstream/item/190120/1/Livro-Nordeste-766-77212-2018.pd