Brúquidos (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) del estado de Morelos, México

Se presenta un listado faunístico de las especies de Bruchidae y de sus plantas hospederas para el estado de Morelos. Se registraron 125 especies de brúquidos, distribuidos en 19 géneros, en donde el género Acanthoscelides presentó el mayor número de especies con 48, seguido de los géneros Merobruchus, Sennius y Amblycerus con 10 especies cada uno, y Zabrotes con 9 especies. En cuanto a las plantas hospederas se identificaron 73 especies, la familia Leguminosae presentó el mayor número con 58 plantas hospederas; la familia Convolvulaceae ocupó el segundo lugar con 8 especies. Las siguientes especies de plantas constituyeron nuevos registros de hospederos: Acacia mammifera Schltdl, Albizia adinocephala (Donn. SM.) BR. & Rose, Albizia guachapele (Kunth) Dugan, Bauhinia variegata L., Heliocarpus pallidus Rose, Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb. Mimosa benthamii J.F. Macbr, Mimosa leptocarpa Rose, Mimosa orthocarpa Spruce ex Benth., Senna holwayana (Rose) H.S. Irwin & Barneby. En relación a la biodiversidad de este grupo, con la información generada en este trabajo, Morelos actualmente representa el segundo lugar en biodiversidad nacional de este grupo, con un 37.12%; el primer lugar lo ocupa Oaxaca con 47.30%

Efecto insectistático de extractos etanólicos de clavo y pimienta en Trialeurodes vaporariorum West. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

In the management the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, organosynthetic pesticides are commonly used, increasing the frequency and doses of application, thus generating resistance of the pest to pesticides and eliminating natural enemies. Then, this make necessary to search for alternatives that contribute to solve the whitefly problem without deteriorating the environment at must. Among several options, bioassays were established applying ethanol extracts of clove Syzygium aromaticum and pepper Pimenta dioica to the leaves of tomato plants where 2-day-old adults were released in a bioassay, and on another set of tomato plants oviposition was previously induced for 3 d. Mortality of adults and laid eggs, as well as hatched eggs were recorded. The 1.0% clove extracts caused 33.7 adult mortality, 72.9% oviposition inhibition with CIO50 of 0.19, and pepper extracts caused 32.5% adult mortality, 65.8% oviposition inhibition with CIO50´s of 0.46%, and both inhibited from 52.6 to 100% hatching with CIE50´s from 0.11 to 0.71% respectively, it being total when 1.0% pepper extract is applied to 2-day-old eggs. It is suggested that activity of the clove and pepper ethanol extracts is mainly insectistatic, although it can have an ovicide effect, it is a biorational input to be integrated into the ecological management of the greenhouse whitefly.En el manejo de la mosca blanca Trialeurodes vaporariorum generalmente se hace uso de plaguicidas organosintéticos, aumentando cada vez más la frecuencia y la dosis de aplicación, lo que provoca resistencia en la plaga a los plaguicidas y eliminación de enemigos naturales, por lo que es imprescindible la búsqueda de alternativas que contribuyan a resolver el problema, sin deterioro del ambiente. Entre las diversas opciones, en los bioensayos se aplicaron al follaje de tomate los extractos etanólicos de clavo Syzygium aromaticum y pimienta Pimenta dioica, en plantas donde previamente se liberaron adultos de 2 d y en otras plantas se indujo la oviposición por 3 d. En estos bioensayos se registró la mortalidad de adultos y huevos ovipositados, así como huevos eclosionados. Los extractos al 1.0% de clavo causan 33.7% de mortalidad de adultos, 72.9% de inhibición de oviposición con CIO50 de 0.19, y de pimienta causan 32.5% de mortalidad de adultos; 65.8% de inhibición de oviposición; con CIO50 0.46% y ambos extractos inhiben de 52.6 a 100% la eclosión de los huevos de mosca blanca con CIE50´s de 0.11 a 0.71% respectivamente, siendo total cuando se aplica el extracto de pimienta al 1.0% a huevos de 2 d de edad. La actividad de los extractos etanólicos de clavo y pimienta, principalmente insectistática; aunque puede llegar a tener efecto ovicida, es una aportación biorracional para integrarse al manejo ecológico de mosca blanca

DENSIDAD Y DAÑOS DE PLAGAS DEL MAÍZ, BAJO LABRANZA CONVENCIONAL Y DE CONSERVACIÓN

The effects of conventional and conservation tillage on the incidence and damage of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), armyworm Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) and the small weevil Nicentrus testaceipes (Champion) on corn were studied during the spring-summer period, of 1998, in Chapingo, Mexico. Fifty plants per experimental unit were visually examined at each sampling date. In the particular case of the armyworm, the numbers of larvae in the soil were estimated by samplings, besides of the percentage of corn leaves injured by the insect. The information on incidence of the corn weevil was supplemented by the number of injuries on the three parts of the eighth leaf. The highest percentages of plants damaged by the fall armyworm were 20 in conventional tillage and 4 in the conservation. The armyworm larvae were present only in the conservation tillage, associated to Brachiaria plantaginea plants in which they initiated the damage and on which they consumed 94.5% of the foliage. Out of all lower leaves of the corn plants, 52.7% showed lesions caused by the armyworm. The percentage of plants affected by the weevil was 95% in conservation tillage and 84% in the conventional one. Likewise, the total number of lesions was 44.4 and 10.8, respectively.Se estudiaron los efectos de los sistemas de labranza convencional y de conservación sobre la incidencia y el daño del gusano cogollero Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), gusano soldado de punto Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) y el picudo chico Nicentrus testaceipes (Champion) en maíz, durante el ciclo agrícola primavera-verano de 1998, en Chapingo, México. Para determinar el número de insectos y lesiones en las plantas de maíz, se realizaron seis muestreos con intervalos de 20 días, revisando en forma visual 50 plantas por unidad experimental. En el caso particular del gusano soldado, se estimó la densidad de larvas en el suelo y la proporción de hojas de maíz con lesiones. Respecto de los picudos, se cuantificaron las lesiones que causaron en tres porciones de la hoja ocho. Los porcentajes máximos de plantas dañadas por el gusano cogollero fueron de 20% en labranza convencional y 4% en conservación. Las larvas del gusano soldado sólo se presentaron en conservación, asociadas a la maleza Brachiaria plantaginea, en la que iniciaron el daño, y de la cual consumieron 94.5% del follaje. Cincuenta y dos punto siete porciento del total de las hojas (inferiores) del maíz presentaron lesiones causadas por el gusano soldado. La proporción de plantas afectadas por el picudo fue de 95% en labranza de conservación, y de 84% en convencional. Así mismo, el número total de lesiones en la octava hoja fue de 44.4 y 10.8, respectivamente

Identificación, distribución y plantas hospederas de diez especies de agromyzidae (insecta: diptera), de interés agronómico en México

Ten species of Agromyzidae of agronomic interest in Texcoco, (state of Mexico); Altamira, (state of Tamaulipas), Magdalena Contreras, (Mexico City), and Nativitas, (state of Tlaxcala) are presented. Adescription of the adults, their geographic distributions and their host plants, are provided. In addition a key with photographs of the aedeagus and sperm pumps of all species are provided. The species included are: Amauromyza abnormalis (Malloch), Liriomyza brassicae (Riley), Liriomyza sabaziae Spencer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), Melanagromyza minimoides Spencer, Melanagromyza neotropica Spencer, Melanagromyza splendida Frick, Melanagromyza tomaterae Steyskal, Melanagromyza viridis (Frost) and Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggatt).Se presentan diez especies de Agromyzidae de interés agronómico en Texcoco, (Estado de México), Altamira, (Tamaulipas), Magdalena Contreras, (D. F) y Nativitas, (Tlaxcala). Se proporciona unadescripción del adulto, distribución y plantas hospederas de cada especie, además de una clave para su identificación con fotografías que ilustran las características del edeago y bomba eyaculadora porespecie. Las especies identificadas fueron: Amauromyza abnormalis (Malloch), Liriomyza brassicae (Riley), Liriomyza sabaziae Spencer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), Melanagromyza minimoides Spencer,Melanagromyza neotropica Spencer, Melanagromyza splendida Frick, Melanagromyza tomaterae Steyskal, Melanagromyza viridis (Frost) y Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggatt)

Impacto de insecticidas sobre tres parasitoides de Erinnyis ello (L.) gusano de cuerno de la yuca

The effect of the application of ethyl parathion, trichlorfon, diflubenzuron, and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki to eggs of Erinnyis ello, before and after being parasitized by Trichogramma exiguum and Telenomus sphingis, was studied. Insecticides were also tested on the adults of these parasites and on the adults and pupae of Apanteles congregatus. A methodology to rear A. congregatus was also developed. When ethyl parathion and trichlorfon were applied to eggs before being parasitized, they inhibited parasitism, restrained development of parasites within the eggs, and affected the longevity and productivity of female T. exiguum and T. sphingis from treated eggs. Diflubenzuron and B. thuringiensis did not affect these parameters. Ethyl parathion and trichlorfon, applied to parasitized eggs, inhibited the emergence of T. exiguum adults by 80 and 70 percent, and that of T. sphingis by 96 and 91 percent, resp. When females emerging from previously treated E. ello eggs were confined, diflubenzuron or trichlorfon affected longevity and parasitic activity in both species. Trichlorfon had a similar effect when applied to eggs parasitized by Trichogramma. B. thuringiensis had no negative effects. Diflubenzuron and B. thuringiensis did not affect the adults of the 3 parasite species nor the emergence of A. congregatus adults. In all expt., ethyl parathion and trichlorfon were the most toxic while overall, B. thuringiensis and diflubenzuron were the least toxic. (AS-CIAT

Distribución altitudinal de trichobaris championi barber (coleoptera: curculionidae) y observaciones de campo sobre su biología

Husk tomato is affected by several insect pests. Recently, the husk tomato weevil Trichobaris championi Barber (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) has become the most important insect pest of this crop of the High Plateau of Puebla, México. There is little information on the geographical and altitudinal distribution of this insect or on its biology and habits. Observations and collections were done in the States of Puebla, Morelos and México to determine presence, altitudinal distribution and degree of infestation in husk tomato. Also, field observations were made abouts its biology and habits. The insect is present in three States: at Puebla, on the High Plateau, between 2055 and 2190 m with (A)Cb(w0)(w) and Bs1kw(w) climates, with 68.9 to 87.3% infestation; in Morelos, at 1720 m with a (A) Cb(w1)(w) climate, with 58.0% infestation; in the State of México between 2240 and 2250 m with a Cb(w0)(w) climate, and 8.9 to 9.3% infestation. The insect, were not detected below 1720 m. A positive correlation (0.64; p=0.01) was found between the altitude and average larval infestation. The insects were collected in the Neartic biogeographic region (for vertebrates) and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt province; no specimens were collected in the neo-tropical region. Regarding biology and habits, the insect attacks the crops between the 3rd and 7th day after transplant. This serves as a guideline for timely pest control within the first two weeks of crop establishment

Repellency of adults of whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Heteroptera: Aleyrodidae) with clove and pipper.

The whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, an economically important pest in vegetables, is managed with synthetic pesticides and has generated resistance with adverse effects on the environment. In the search for alternative management, adult repellence with raw extracts (methanol, ethanol, dichloromethano, and hexane) essential oils, and major compounds of clove and pepper was tested. For this, a treated tomato leaf was placed at concentrations of 1.0 to 0.000001 % within a 1 L beaker containing a 10 mL flask with water. Subsecuently, 20 adults of 2 d of age were introduced. After 3 to 72 h, the posed adults were quantified, and repellence was determined from the difference. The raw extracts, essential oils, and major compounds of clove and pepper repel from 32.5 to 90.2 % of the adult population in 3 to 72 h. The cloves and pepper EO have a better repellent effect than raw extracts and secondary compounds, since they manage to repel 46.2 % to 100 %. The clove EO at the concentration of 1.0 % achieves 100 % repellency at 48 and 72 h after application, while the pepper EO reaches 97.5 % at 72 h after application; in practice, ethanolic crude extract of both plants should be used at a concentration of 0.000001 % since they can repel 38.7 to 87.5 % of adults, from 3 to 72 h, and its repellent effect is maintained; also, it is easier to acquire, safer for the operator, distributor and consumer; and is considered a solvent for the extraction of secondary compounds in organic farming standards

Repelencia de adultos de mosca blanca Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Heteroptera: Aleyrodidae) con clavo y pimienta

The whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, an economically important pest in vegetables, is managed with synthetic pesticides and has generated resistance with adverse effects on the environment. In the search for alternative management, adult repellence with raw extracts (methanol, ethanol, dichloromethano, and hexane) essential oils, and major compounds of clove and pepper was tested. For this, a treated tomato leaf was placed at concentrations of 1.0 to 0.000001 % within a 1 L beaker containing a 10 mL flask with water. Subsecuently, 20 adults of 2 d of age were introduced. After 3 to 72 h, the posed adults were quantified, and repellence was determined from the difference. The raw extracts, essential oils, and major compounds of clove and pepper repel from 32.5 to 90.2 % of the adult population in 3 to 72 h. The cloves and pepper EO have a better repellent effect than raw extracts and secondary compounds, since they manage to repel 46.2 % to 100 %. The clove EO at the concentration of 1.0 % achieves 100 % repellency at 48 and 72 h after application, while the pepper EO reaches 97.5 % at 72 h after application; in practice, ethanolic crude extract of both plants should be used at a concentration of 0.000001 % since they can repel 38.7 to 87.5 % of adults, from 3 to 72 h, and its repellent effect is maintained; also, it is easier to acquire, safer for the operator, distributor and consumer; and is considered a solvent for the extraction of secondary compounds in organic farming standards.En la mosca blanca Trialeurodes vaporariorum, plaga de importancia económica en hortalizas, su manejo con insecticidas sintéticos ha generado resistencia con efectos adversos para el ambiente. En la búsqueda de alternativas de manejo, se planteó esta investigación con el objetivo de cuantificar la repelencia de adultos con extractos crudos (metanol, etanol, diclorometano y hexano), aceites esenciales (AE) y compuestos mayoritarios de clavo y pimienta. En un vaso con 10 mL de agua, se colocó una hoja de tomate tratada a concentraciones de 1,0 a 0,000001 % y se introdujeron 20 adultos de 2 d de edad. Luego, de las 3 a las 72 h, se cuantificaron los adultos posados y por diferencia se determinó la repelencia. Los extractos crudos, AE y compuestos mayoritarios de clavo y pimienta repelieron entre 32,5 y 90,2 % la población de adultos de las 3 a las 72 h. Los AE de clavo y pimienta presentan mejor efecto repelente que los extractos crudos y compuestos secundarios, ya que lograron repeler de 46,2 a 100 %; el AE de clavo a la concentración de 1,0 % logró 100 % de repelencia a las 48 y 72 h y el AE de pimienta alcanza 97,5 % a las 72 h. En la práctica, se debe utilizar extracto crudo etanólico de ambas plantas a la concentración de 0,000001 % ya que logran repeler entre 38,7 y 87,5 % de adultos, de las 3 a las 72 h, y su efecto repelente persiste; además, es más fácil de conseguir, más seguro para el operador, distribuidor y consumidor; y está considerado en las normas de agricultura orgánica como solvente para la extracción de compuestos secundarios

La investigación universitaria y sus contribuciones en Mesoamérica

La Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas a través de su Proyecto Académico 2014-2018, reafirma su compromiso con el desarrollo de nuestra región, al establecer líneas de desarrollo de nuestra región, al establecer líneas de desarrollo institucional, donde la vinculación de la investigación ocupa un lugar preponderante; en este sentido, a partir de 2015, junto con la comunidad académica internacional, se unió a la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo sostenible de la ONU y priorizó los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y sus 169 metas, con la finalidad de dar soluciona los grandes desafíos sociales, económicos y medioambientales que enfrenta la sociedad. Este libro es la recopilación de trabajos realizados por académicos de diversas Instituciones de Educación Superior y Centros de Investigación, de manera multidisciplinaria, interinstitucional e internacional, los cuales han permitido compartir intereses en diversas líneas de generación y aplicación del conocimiento