58 research outputs found
Практикум з мовної комунікації (англійська мова)
Навчально-методичний посібник з курсу "Практикум з мовної комунікації (англійська мова)" призначено для формування та удосконалення знань і навичок, необхідних для високого практичного володіння англійською мовою, точного та всебічного розуміння оригінальних англійських текстів, а також подальшого поповнення словникового запасу студентів. У навчально-методичному посібнику наведені вправи з лексики, граматики та говоріння, пропонуються тексти з проходження співбесід та відповідні завдання для розвитку навичок письмового та усного мовлення
Features of resistance of major pathogens of respiratory tract infections in Dnipropetrovsk region.
According to the retrospective analysis of data obtained for the period of the last four years, the resistance level of major infectious agents (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hаemophilus influenzaе) to the most of commonly used classes of antibacterial agents (β-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, fluoroquinolones) was rather low, except for the established resistance level of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (19% of tested strains were resistant to oxacillin). Multiply resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Dnipropetrovsk region was 4,3%. Prognosed by world-wide trials growth of bacterial resistance levels requires decrease of the irrational antibiotics using and constant monitoring of resistance in each region and in the country as a whole to preserve the potential of clinical effective antibacterial agents
Multiple Andreev reflections and enhanced shot noise in diffusive SNS junctions
We study the dc conductance and current fluctuations in diffusive voltage
biased SNS junctions with a tunnel barrier inside the mesoscopic normal region.
We find that at subgap voltages, eV<2Delta/n, the current associated with the
chain of n Andreev reflections is mapped onto the quasiparticle flow through a
structure of n+1 voltage biased barriers connected by diffusive conductors. As
a result, the current-voltage characteristic of a long SNINS structure obeys
Ohm's law, in spite of the complex multiparticle transport process. At the same
time, nonequilibrium heating of subgap electrons produces giant shot noise with
pronounced subharmonic gap structure which corresponds to stepwise growth of
the effective transferred charge. At eV\to 0, the shot noise approaches the
magnitude of the Johnson-Nyquist noise with the effective temperature
T^*=Delta/3, and the effective charge increases as (e/3)(1 + 2Delta/eV), with
the universal ``one third suppression'' factor. We analyse the role of
inelastic scattering and present a criterion of strong nonequilibrium.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
On the theory of Josephson effect in a diffusive tunnel junction
Specific features of the equilibrium current-carrying state of a Josephson
tunnel junction between diffusive superconductors are studied theoretically in
the 1D geometry. It is found that the Josephson current induces localized
states of electron excitations in the vicinity of the tunnel barrier, which are
a continuous analog of Andreev levels in a ballistic junction. The depth of the
corresponding ``potential well'' is much greater than the separation between an
Andreev level and the continuous energy spectrum boundary for the same
transmissivity of the barrier. In contrast to a ballistic junction in which the
Josephson current is transported completely by localized excitations, the
contribution to current in a diffusive junction comes from whole spectral
region near the energy gap boundary, where the density of states differs
considerably from its unperturbed value. The correction to the Josephson
current in the second order of the barrier transmissivity, which contains the
second harmonic of the phase jump, is calculated and it is found that the true
expansion parameter of the perturbation theory for a diffusive junction is not
the tunneling probability itself, but a much larger parameter .Comment: 8 pages, 5 Postscript figures, submitted to Low Temp. Phy
Subgap current in superconducting tunnel junctions with diffusive electrodes
We calculate the subgap current in planar superconducting tunnel junctions
with thin-film diffusive leads. It is found that the subharmonic gap structure
of the tunnel current scales with an effective tunneling transparency which may
exceed the junction transparency by up to two orders of magnitude depending on
the junction geometry and the ratio between the coherence length and the
elastic scattering length. These results provide an alternative explanation of
anomalously high values of the subgap current in tunnelling experiments often
ascribed to imperfection of the insulating layer. We also discuss the effect of
finite lifetime of quasiparticles as the possible origin of additional
enhancement of multiparticle tunnel currents.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.
Circuit theory of multiple Andreev reflections in diffusive SNS junctions: the incoherent case
The incoherent regime of Multiple Andreev Reflections (MAR) is studied in
long diffusive SNS junctions at applied voltages larger than the Thouless
energy. Incoherent MAR is treated as a transport problem in energy space by
means of a circuit theory for an equivalent electrical network. The current
through NS interfaces is explained in terms of diffusion flows of electrons and
holes through tunnel and Andreev resistors. These resistors in diffusive
junctions play roles analogous to the normal and Andreev reflection
coefficients in OTBK theory for ballistic junctions. The theory is applied to
the subharmonic gap structure (SGS); simple analytical results are obtained for
the distribution function and current spectral density for the limiting cases
of resistive and transparent NS interfaces. In the general case, the exact
solution is found in terms of chain-fractions, and the current is calculated
numerically. SGS shows qualitatively different behavior for even and odd
subharmonic numbers, and the maximum slopes of the differential resistance
correspond to the gap subharmonics. The influence of inelastic scattering on
the subgap anomalies of the differential resistance is analyzed.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, title and text revised, to appear in PR
Current noise in long diffusive SNS junctions in the incoherent MAR regime
Spectral density of current fluctuations at zero frequency is calculated for
a long diffusive SNS junction with low-resistive interfaces. At low
temperature, T << Delta, the subgap shot noise approaches linear voltage
dependence, S=(2/ 3R)(eV + 2Delta), which is the sum of the shot noise of the
normal conductor and voltage independent excess noise. This result can also be
interpreted as the 1/3-suppressed Poisson noise for the effective charge q =
e(1+2Delta/eV) transferred by incoherent multiple Andreev reflections (MAR). At
higher temperatures, anomalies of the current noise develop at the gap
subharmonics, eV = 2Delta/n. The crossover to the hot electron regime from the
MAR regime is analyzed in the limit of small applied voltages.Comment: improved version, to be published in Phys. Rev.
DC current through a superconducting two-barrier system
We analyze the influence of the structure within a SNS junction on the
multiple Andreev resonances in the subgap I-V characteristics. Coherent
interference processes and incoherent propagation in the normal region are
considered. The detailed geometry of the normal region where the voltage drops
in superconducting contacts can lead to observable effects in the conductance
at low voltages.Comment: 11 pages, including 7 postscript file
Theory of AC Josepson Effect in Superconducting Constrictions
We have developed a microscopic theory of ac Josephson effect in short
ballistic superconducting constrictions with arbitrary electron transparency
and in constrictions with diffusive electron transport. The theory is valid for
arbitrary miscroscopic structure of the superconducting electrodes of the
constriction. As applications of the theory we study smearing of the subgap
current singularities by pair-breaking effects and also the structure of these
singularities in the constrictions between the composite S/N electrodes with
the proximity-induced gap in the normal layer.Comment: 11 pages, RevTex, 3 figures available on reques
Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2014–16 in Ukraine and the Slovak Republic
S. pneumoniae isolates collected in Ukraine (n"100) showed susceptibility 97% fratesor amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, penicillin [intravenous (iv) non-meningitis] and fluoroquinolones, between 83% and 86% for oral penicillin, macrolides and cefaclor, and 75% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Susceptibility was substantially lower in the Slovak Republic (n"95). All isolates were susceptible to ratesthe fluoroquinolones, but susceptibility to penicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefuroxime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole varied between 61% and 64%, with only 44% of isolates susceptible to the macrolides. Susceptibility of H. influenzaewasmorehomogeneous,with susceptibilitytoamoxicillin/clavulanic acid,ceftriaxone,cefuroxime, azithromycin and the fluoroquinolones seen in .90% of isolates by CLSI criteria in both countries. Much greater variability was seen across breakpoints, especially for azithromycin, cefaclor and cefuroxime. The b-lactamase rate was 5.1% (5/98) in the Slovak Republic and 7.3% (7/96) in Ukraine, but the Slovak Republic also had a relativelyhighrateofb-lactamase-negative-ampicillin-resistant(BLNAR)isolates(7.1%;7/98)
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