A magánszférához való jog

A szerzők a magánszférához való jog jogrendszerbeli elhelyezésére tesznek kísérletet. Warren és Brandeis cikke az első ebben a tárgyban született jogtudományi tanulmány, publikálására 1890-ben került sor. Az angolszász jog common law rendszerében a magánszférához való jog elismerésére tett javaslatuk a magánszféráról alkotott jogelmélet alapját képezi. A magánszférához való jogot úgy definiálják, mint azt a jogot, hogy az ember egyedül lehessen. Első ízben kerül magyarul az olvasó kezébe a magánszférához való jog diskurzus- megalapozó klasszikusa

Condom Versus Indwelling Urinary Catheters: A Randomized Trial

To compare condom and indwelling urinary catheters in terms of infection risk and patient satisfaction. DESIGN : A prospective, randomized, unblinded, controlled trial. SETTING : An academically affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS : Hospitalized men aged 40 and older who required a urinary collection device. MEASUREMENTS : The incidence of adverse outcomes (bacteriuria, symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI), or death) and patient device-related satisfaction as determined according to a questionnaire. Dementia status was recorded to assess effect modification by the presence of dementia. RESULTS : Seventy-five subjects were randomized: 41 receiving an indwelling catheter and 34 a condom catheter. The incidence of an adverse outcome was 131/1,000 patient-days with an indwelling catheter and 70/1,000 patient-days with a condom catheter ( P =.07). The median time to an adverse event was 7 days in the indwelling group and 11 days in the condom group. After adjusting for other risk factors, it was found that condom catheter use reduced adverse outcomes ( P =.04). Patients without dementia who had an indwelling catheter were approximately five times as likely to develop bacteriuria or symptomatic UTI or to die (hazard ratio=4.84, 95% confidence interval=1.46–16.02) as those with a condom catheter ( P =.01). Patients reported that condom catheters were more comfortable ( P =.02) and less painful ( P =.02) than indwelling catheters. CONCLUSION : The use of condom catheters is less likely to lead to bacteriuria, symptomatic UTI, or death than the use of indwelling catheters. This protection is especially apparent in men without dementia.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66301/1/j.1532-5415.2006.00785.x.pd

Use of Urinary Collection Devices in Skilled Nursing Facilities in Five States

To assess use of urinary collection devices (external, intermittent, and indwelling catheters; pads or briefs) and examine predictors of indwelling catheters in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). DESIGN : Retrospective cohort study. SETTING : SNFs in California, Florida, Michigan, New York, and Texas. PARTICIPANTS : All patients admitted to SNFs in 2003 who remained there for 1 year (N=57,302). MEASUREMENTS : Characteristics of patients who used different collection strategies (indwelling, intermittent, and external catheterization; pads or briefs) and predictors of indwelling urinary catheterization from the Nursing Home Minimum Data Set using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS : The prevalence of indwelling catheterization was 12.6% at admission and 4.5% at the annual assessment ( P <.001). Intermittent and external catheterization were infrequently used (<1% at admission and annual assessment). Paraplegia, quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, and comatose state were strongly associated with indwelling catheterization. Male residents were more likely to use an indwelling catheter at every assessment, as were obese patients; individuals with diabetes mellitus, renal failure, skin conditions, deep vein thrombosis, aphasia, or end-stage disease; and those who were taking more medications. CONCLUSION : Coinciding with federal regulations, urinary catheterization was lower than has been reported previously and declined over time. Further reduction should be targeted at the evaluation of skin problems, appropriateness of multiple medications, and alternative measures in patients with diabetes mellitus, obesity, deep vein thrombosis, and communication problems.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65746/1/j.1532-5415.2008.01675.x.pd

DNA methylation in the promoter region of the p16 (CDKN2/MTS-1/INK4A) gene in human breast tumours

The p16 (CDKN2/MTS-1/INK4A) gene is one of several tumour-suppressor genes that have been shown to be inactivated by DNA methylation in various human cancers including breast tumours. We have used bisulphite genomic sequencing to examine the detailed sequence specificity of DNA methylation in the CpG island promoter/exon 1 region in the p16 gene in DNA from a series of human breast cancer specimens and normal human breast tissue (from reductive mammaplasty). The p16 region examined was unmethylated in the four normal human breast specimens and in four out of nine breast tumours. In the other five independent breast tumour specimens, a uniform pattern of DNA methylation was observed. Of the nine major sites of DNA methylation in the amplified region from these tumour DNAs, four were in non-CG sequences. This unusual concentration of non-CG methylation sites was not a general phenomenon present throughout the genome of these tumour cells because the methylated CpG island regions of interspersed L1 repeats had a pattern of (almost exclusively) CG methylation similar to that found in normal breast tissue DNA and in DNA from tumours with unmethylated p16 genes. These data suggest that DNA methylation of the p16 gene in some breast tumours could be the result of an active process that generates a discrete methylation pattern and, hence, could ultimately be amenable to theraputic manipulation. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig

The uncertain relationship between transparency and accountability

The concepts of transparency and accountability are closely linked: transparency is supposed to generate accountability. This article questions this widely held assumption. Transparency mobilises the power of shame, yet the shameless may not be vulnerable to public exposure. Truth often fails to lead to justice. After exploring different definitions and dimensions of the two ideas, the more relevant question turns out tobe: what kinds of transparency lead to what kinds of accountability, and under what conditions? The article concludes by proposing that the concept can be unpacked in terms of two distinct variants. Transparency can be either ‘clear’or‘opaque’, while accountability can be either‘soft’or‘hard’