84 research outputs found
Entwicklung und Bewertung von direkten BekĂ€mpfungsstrategien gegen das Auftreten der MöhrenschwĂ€rze (Alternaria dauci) beim Anbau von Möhren fĂŒr die industrielle Verarbeitung
Im Rahmen des BLE-Forschungsprojektes âEntwicklung und Bewertung von direkten BekĂ€mpfungsstrategien gegen das Auftreten der MöhrenschwĂ€rze (Alternaria dauci) beim Anbau von Möhren fĂŒr die industrielle Verarbeitungâ (03OE488) wurde in den Jahren 2004-2006 Feldversuche zur Optimierung des ökologischen Möhrenanbaus unter norddeutschen Bedingungen durchgefĂŒhrt.
Sortenvergleichsanbau
In den drei Jahren wurden auf den zwei Versuchsstandorten jeweils 10 bis 12 Möhrensorten auf ihre Eignung fĂŒr den ökologischen Anbau geprĂŒft. Wesentliche Kriterien waren hierbei die WiderstandsfĂ€higkeit gegenĂŒber Alternaria, wertgebende Inhaltstoffe und die Ertragshöhe.
Es konnten deutliche Unterschiede in der AlternariaanfĂ€lligkeit der geprĂŒften Sorten beobachtet werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass diese Sortenunterschiede sowohl an beiden Versuchsstandorten als auch ĂŒber die geprĂŒften Jahre auftraten.
Das Ergebnis der SortenprĂŒfung belegte, dass die bisher ĂŒberwiegend im ökologischen Anbau eingesetzten Sorten sich als deutlich weniger geeignet erwiesen, als andere geprĂŒfte Sorten. Die hohe AlternariaanfĂ€lligkeit der bisher verwendeten Standardsorten fĂŒhrte bei entsprechenden Infektionsbedingungen zu einer starken LaubschĂ€digung mit deutlichem Einfluss auf den Nitratgehalt und die VermarktungsfĂ€higkeit des Ernteproduktes.
Anbauversuch zur Wirksamkeit der HeiĂwasserbehandlung (HWB) des Saatgutes auf den Laubbefall mit Alternaria
In diesem Teilversuch wurde anhand von alternariaanfĂ€lligen Möhrensorten ĂŒberprĂŒft, ob ein Besatz des Möhrensaatgutes mit dem pilzlichen Erreger Alternaria dauci einen Einfluss auf den Zeitpunkt und die StĂ€rke eines Alternariabefalles im Möhrenbestand hat.
Dazu wurde unbehandeltes gering belastetes Saatgut, sowie stark belastetes Saatgut mit heiĂwasserbehandeltem Saatgut verglichen.
Im Versuchsjahr 2004 trat an keiner Versuchsvariante ein Alternaria Befall auf. Dagegen konnte in den Versuchsjahren 2005 und 2006 nachgewiesen werden, dass ein stark erhöhter Ausgangsbesatz des Saatgutes mit Alternaria dauci bei entsprechenden Infektionsbedingungen auch zu einem stĂ€rkeren Auftreten der Laubkrankheit im Bestand fĂŒhrte.
Die Frage des tolerierbaren Grenzwertes fĂŒr den Besatz des Saatgutes mit Alternaria dauci konnte in diesem Forschungsvorhaben nicht geklĂ€rt werden. Besonders bei Alternaria anfĂ€lligen Sorten sollte aber auf eine möglichst geringe Ausgangsbelastung des Saatgutes geachtet werden. Aber auch die Nachteile einer verringerte KeimfĂ€higkeit sowie einer verminderten Haltbarkeit des Saatgutes durch eine HWB mĂŒssen beim Saatguteinkauf berĂŒcksichtigt werden.
Feststellen der Wirksamkeit verschiedener Pflanzenschutz und âstĂ€rkungsmittel gegen Laubkrankheiten (speziell Alternaria)
In diesem Teilversuch wurde die direkte Wirkung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln und PflanzenstĂ€rkungsmitteln auf den Befall mit Alternaria dauci ĂŒberprĂŒft. ErgĂ€nzend wurde der Einsatz von Haftmitteln und SpurenelementdĂŒngern geprĂŒft.
In allen drei Versuchsjahren konnte durch den Einsatz von KupferprĂ€paraten ein deutlicher Effekt auf den Alternariabefall der BlattflĂ€che nachgewiesen werden. Dies betrifft sowohl die Cuprozin-Varianten auf Basis von Kupferhydroxid als auch die Cueva-Variante auf Basis von Kupferoktanoat. Es ist zu beachten, dass der Wirkstoff Kupferoktanoat bisher nicht im Anhang der EU-Ăko-Verordnung als erlaubtes Pflanzenschutzmittel aufgefĂŒhrt ist
Cylindrocladiella parva as a causal agent of dieback on Euonymus fortunei
Im August 2011 traten an Euonymus fortunei AbsterbeÂerscheinungen unbekannter Ursache auf. Aus befallenen Trieben wurde ein Cylindrocladium-Ă€hnlicher Pilz isoliert. Anhand seiner morphologischen Merkmale wurde der Pilz als Cylindrocladiella parva (P.J. Anderson) Boesewinkel identifiziert. Eine anschlieĂende Sequenzanalyse der ITS-Region sowie des ÎČ-Tubulin-Gens bestĂ€tigte das Ergebnis. Die PathogenitĂ€t des Pilzes an E. fortunei 'Emeraldân Gold' wurde in mehreren VersuchsansĂ€tzen geprĂŒft. Nach Inokulation an den Nodien nach leichter Verletzung entwickelten sich bei hoher Luftfeuchte innerhalb von sieben Wochen an zweijĂ€hrigen Pflanzen deutÂliche Krankheitssymptome. Cylindrocladiella parva lieĂ sich aus befallenen Trieben reisolieren. Die PathogenitĂ€t dieses Erregers an E. fortunei ist damit nachgewiesen. Es ist das erste bekannt gewordene Auftreten von CylindroÂcladiella parva an E. fortunei in Deutschland. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2014.01.01, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2014.01.01In August 2011 a shoot dieback of unknown cause was observed on Euonymus fortunei. From the affected shoots a fungus similar to Cylindrocladium was isolated. According to its morphological characteristics this fungus could be identified as Cylindrocladiella parva (P.J. Anderson) Boesewinkel. The subsequent sequence analysis of the ITS regions as well as the ÎČ-tubulin-gene confirmed this result. Pathogenicity of this fungus was tested in several trials on E. fortunei 'Emeraldân Gold'. After inoculation of wounded nodes with the fungus and incubation with high humidity two year old plants developed disease symptoms within seven weeks. Cylindrocladiella parva could be reisolated from infected shoots. This is the first occurrence of Cylindrocladiella parva on E. fortunei in Germany according to our knowledge. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2014.01.01, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2014.01.0
Inflammation, fibrosis and skeletal muscle regeneration in LGMDR9 are orchestrated by macrophages
Aims: Variable degrees of inflammation, necrosis, regeneration and fibrofatty replacement are part of the pathological spectrum of the dystrophic process in alpha dystroglycanopathy LGMDR9 (FKRP-related, OMIM #607155), one of the most prevailing types of LGMDs worldwide. Inflammatory processes and their complex interplay with vascular, myogenic and mesenchymal cells may have a major impact on disease development. The purpose of our study is to describe the specific immune morphological features in muscle tissue of patients with LGMDR9 to enable a better understanding of the phenotype of muscle damage leading to disease progression.
Methods: We have analysed skeletal muscle biopsies of 17 patients genetically confirmed as having LGMDR9 by histopathological and molecular techniques.
Results: We identified CD206+ MHC class II+ and STAT6+ immune-repressed macrophages dominating the endomysial infiltrate in areas of myofibre regeneration and fibrosis. Additionally, PDGFRÎČ+ pericytes were located around MHC class II+ activated capillaries residing in close proximity to areas of fibrosis and regenerating fibres. Expression of VEGF was found on many regenerating neonatal myosin+ fibres, myofibres and CD206+ macrophages also co-expressed VEGF.
Conclusion: Our results show characteristic immune inflammatory features in LGMDR9 and more specifically shed light on the predominant role of macrophages and their function in vascular organisation, fibrosis and myogenesis. Understanding disease-specific immune phenomena potentially inform about possibilities for anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies, which may complement Ribitol replacement and gene therapies for LGMDR9 that may be available in the future
ĐĐŸŃĐ»ŃĐŽĐ¶Đ”ĐœĐœŃ ĐŒĐ”ŃŃĐžĐș ĐŒĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃОзаŃĐŸŃŃĐČ ĐłĐ»ĐŸĐ±Đ°Đ»ŃĐœĐžŃ ĐŒĐ”ŃДж пДŃДЎаŃŃ ĐŽĐ°ĐœĐžŃ
Đб'ŃĐșŃ ĐŽĐŸŃĐ»ŃĐŽĐ¶Đ”ĐœĐœŃ: ĐŒĐ”ŃŃĐžĐșĐž ĐŒĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃОзаŃĐŸŃŃĐČ ĐłĐ»ĐŸĐ±Đ°Đ»ŃĐœĐžŃ
ĐŒĐ”ŃДж.
ĐĐ”ŃĐ° ĐŽĐžĐżĐ»ĐŸĐŒĐœĐŸŃ ŃĐŸĐ±ĐŸŃĐž: ŃĐŸĐ·ŃĐŸĐ±ĐșĐ° ĐŒĐ°ŃĐ”ĐŒĐ°ŃĐžŃĐœĐžŃ
ĐŒĐŸĐŽĐ”Đ»Đ”Đč Ń ĐŒĐ”ŃĐŸĐŽŃĐČ ĐŒĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃОзаŃŃŃ ĐłĐ»ĐŸĐ±Đ°Đ»ŃĐœĐžŃ
ĐŒĐ”ŃДж пДŃДЎаŃŃ ĐŽĐ°ĐœĐžŃ
ĐČ ŃĐžŃŃĐ”ĐŒŃ Đ·Ń Đ·ĐŒŃĐœĐœĐžĐŒĐž паŃĐ°ĐŒĐ”ŃŃĐ°ĐŒĐž ĐœĐ° ĐŸŃĐœĐŸĐČŃ ŃĐŸĐ·ŃĐŸĐ±ĐșĐž ŃзагалŃĐœĐ”ĐœĐŸŃ ĐŒĐ”ŃŃĐžĐșĐž ĐŒĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃОзаŃŃŃ ĐżŃĐž ĐČĐžĐ±ĐŸŃŃ ĐŸĐżŃĐžĐŒĐ°Đ»ŃĐœĐŸĐłĐŸ ĐŒĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃŃ.
ĐŁ ĐČŃŃŃĐżŃ ĐżŃĐžĐČĐ”ĐŽĐ”ĐœĐ° загалŃĐœĐ° Ń
Đ°ŃĐ°ĐșŃĐ”ŃĐžŃŃĐžĐșĐ° ŃĐŸĐ±ĐŸŃĐž, ĐŸĐ±ĐłŃŃĐœŃĐŸĐČĐ°ĐœĐ° Đ°ĐșŃŃĐ°Đ»ŃĐœŃŃŃŃ ŃĐ”ĐŒĐž ĐŽĐŸŃĐ»ŃĐŽĐ¶Đ”ĐœĐœŃ.
ĐŁ пДŃŃĐŸĐŒŃ ŃĐŸĐ·ĐŽŃĐ»Ń ŃĐŸĐ·ĐłĐ»ŃĐœŃŃĐŸ ĐżŃĐžĐœŃОпО ĐŒĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃОзаŃŃŃ, ĐŒĐ”Ń
Đ°ĐœŃĐ·ĐŒĐž ĐŒĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃОзаŃŃŃ Ń ŃŃ
ĐŒĐ”ŃŃĐžĐșĐž, ĐżŃĐŸŃĐŸĐșĐŸĐ»Đž RIP, EIGRP, OSPF.
ĐŁ ĐŽŃŃĐłĐŸĐŒŃ ŃĐŸĐ·ĐŽŃĐ»Ń ĐżŃĐŸĐČĐ”ĐŽĐ”ĐœĐŸ ŃĐžŃŃĐ”ĐŒĐœĐžĐč Đ°ĐœĐ°Đ»ŃĐ· ĐżĐŸĐœŃŃŃŃ ĐŒĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃОзаŃŃŃ Đ·Đ° ĐČĐžĐ±ĐŸŃĐŸĐŒ ŃĐ»ŃŃ
ŃĐČ ĐżĐ”ŃДЎаŃŃ ĐŽĐ°ĐœĐžŃ
ĐČ ĐłĐ»ĐŸĐ±Đ°Đ»ŃĐœĐžŃ
ĐŒĐ”ŃДжаŃ
, ĐżŃĐŸĐČĐ”ĐŽĐ”ĐœĐŸ Đ°ĐœĐ°Đ»ŃĐ· ŃĐ”ĐŸŃĐ”ŃĐžŃĐœĐžŃ
ĐŸŃĐœĐŸĐČ ĐŒĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃОзаŃŃŃ ĐœĐ° ĐŸŃĐœĐŸĐČŃ ĐłŃĐ°ŃĐŸĐČĐžŃ
ĐŒĐ”ŃĐŸĐŽŃĐČ ĐŸĐżĐžŃŃ ĐŒĐ”ŃДж, ŃŃĐŸŃĐŒŃĐ»ŃĐŸĐČĐ°ĐœŃ Đ·Đ°ĐČĐŽĐ°ĐœĐœŃ ĐżĐŸ ĐœĐ°ĐčĐșĐŸŃĐŸŃŃĐŸĐŒŃ ŃĐ»ŃŃ
Ń, ŃĐŸ ĐŽĐŸĐ·ĐČĐŸĐ»ŃŃŃŃ ĐČĐžŃŃŃŃĐČĐ°ŃĐž Đ·Đ°ĐČĐŽĐ°ĐœĐœŃ ĐŒĐ°ŃŃŃŃŃОзаŃŃŃ.
ĐŁ ŃŃĐ”ŃŃĐŸĐŒŃ ŃĐŸĐ·ĐŽŃĐ»Ń ĐŽĐžĐżĐ»ĐŸĐŒĐœĐŸŃ ŃĐŸĐ±ĐŸŃĐž ŃĐŸĐ·ŃĐ°Ń
ĐŸĐČĐ°ĐœĐ° Đ”ĐșĐŸĐœĐŸĐŒŃŃĐœĐ° Đ”ŃĐ”ĐșŃĐžĐČĐœŃŃŃŃ, ĐżŃĐŸĐ°ĐœĐ°Đ»ŃĐ·ĐŸĐČĐ°ĐœŃ ĐżĐŸĐșĐ°Đ·ĐœĐžĐșĐž Ń Đ·ŃĐŸĐ±Đ»Đ”ĐœĐŸ ĐČĐžŃĐœĐŸĐČĐŸĐș ĐżŃĐŸ ĐŽĐŸŃŃĐ»ŃĐœŃŃŃŃ ĐČĐžĐșĐŸŃĐžŃŃĐ°ĐœĐœŃ ĐŽĐ°ĐœĐŸĐłĐŸ ĐżŃĐŸĐ”ĐșŃŃ
A scalable system to measure contrail formation on a per-flight basis
Persistent contrails make up a large fraction of aviation's contribution to
global warming. We describe a scalable, automated detection and matching (ADM)
system to determine from satellite data whether a flight has made a persistent
contrail. The ADM system compares flight segments to contrails detected by a
computer vision algorithm running on images from the GOES-16 Advanced Baseline
Imager. We develop a 'flight matching' algorithm and use it to label each
flight segment as a 'match' or 'non-match'. We perform this analysis on 1.6
million flight segments. The result is an analysis of which flights make
persistent contrails several orders of magnitude larger than any previous work.
We assess the agreement between our labels and available prediction models
based on weather forecasts. Shifting air traffic to avoid regions of contrail
formation has been proposed as a possible mitigation with the potential for
very low cost/ton-CO2e. Our findings suggest that imperfections in these
prediction models increase this cost/ton by about an order of magnitude.
Contrail avoidance is a cost-effective climate change mitigation even with this
factor taken into account, but our results quantify the need for more accurate
contrail prediction methods and establish a benchmark for future development.Comment: 25 pages, 6 figure
A Pair of Dopamine Neurons Target the D1-Like Dopamine Receptor DopR in the Central Complex to Promote Ethanol-Stimulated Locomotion in Drosophila
Dopamine is a mediator of the stimulant properties of drugs of abuse, including ethanol, in mammals and in the fruit fly Drosophila. The neural substrates for the stimulant actions of ethanol in flies are not known. We show that a subset of dopamine neurons and their targets, through the action of the D1-like dopamine receptor DopR, promote locomotor activation in response to acute ethanol exposure. A bilateral pair of dopaminergic neurons in the fly brain mediates the enhanced locomotor activity induced by ethanol exposure, and promotes locomotion when directly activated. These neurons project to the central complex ellipsoid body, a structure implicated in regulating motor behaviors. Ellipsoid body neurons are required for ethanol-induced locomotor activity and they express DopR. Elimination of DopR blunts the locomotor activating effects of ethanol, and this behavior can be restored by selective expression of DopR in the ellipsoid body. These data tie the activity of defined dopamine neurons to D1-like DopR-expressing neurons to form a neural circuit that governs acute responding to ethanol
Research inventory of child health: A report on roadmaps for the future of child health research in Europe
RICHE was the response to a call under HEALTH-2009-3.3-5, with the title of 'European child health research platform'. The call text asked us to âaddress the diversity and fragmentation in child health research in Europe in an inclusive multidisciplinary way, identifying existing research programmes in Member States, recent advances and identification of gaps to explore road maps for the future of child health research in Europeâ.
Project structure A consortium, with a final total of 23 partners, and two associate (i.e. unfunded) partners, responded to this call. We designed a project with a linear structure, where the main focus of activity moved from work on the Inventory, and Indicators and Measurement, in Year 1, to work on Gaps in Year 2, finishing with the preparation of the Roadmap in year 3. The final 6 months (Year 4) were largely dissemination. The Platform, which is instantiated in our website, supported all of the other parts,, and was a focus for communication and dissemination throughout the project.
Each workpackage focused on a specific area of work, but each fed into its successors, and all leaders and partners worked closely together. Each group produced a number of technical reports and other outputs. The final output was a Roadmap for future investment in European child health research. This has been widely disseminated, and has fed at Commission level and National level into the Horizon 2020 call preparation process.
RICHE Roadmap
The RICHE Roadmap is based upon a sound, scientific evidence base, which we had gathered as part of our earlier work. The project prepared an inventory of child health research and of measurements and indicators of child health in Europe (WP1 and WP2) . This was collated using a web platform â which can be found at www.childhealthresearch.eu. In addition to this exercise, a formal study of the gaps in child health research was undertaken by carrying out surveys and interviews of researchers and research users across Europe (WP3). This allowed our initial views on the research gaps to be refined and corrected by an iterative process, involving, both project partners, and the wider scientific community, so seeking grounding and validation for this key phase. These results formed the basis for the RICHE Roadmap.
The Roadmap is based on a life-course perspective. It covers the important phases of a childâs development, including maternal health, and pregnancy, through to adolescence and the protective and risk factors, and health services encountered throughout childhood and adolescence as he or she moves towards adulthood. RICHE looked upstream to identify where more work needed to be done to prevent avoidable physical and mental ill-health, disability and death in the population of European children aged 0-18 years. This shows how the many influences and outcomes of childrenâs health are interrelated; a pattern reflected in the Roadmap.
The work necessarily involved a series of value judgements, especially on setting priorities, because there are no objective and unconditionally valid answers to the question âIs there enough research on this topic?â, nor to the question âIs this a topic of significance?â. Nevertheless, the RICHE Roadmap uses an inclusive and transparent process to explain the recommendations it made, and the subjects it chose, making our values, and the reasons for judgements as explicit as possible.
The report is organised into broad subject areas, that reflect the key âgapsâ in knowledge about children and young people, or about particular aspects of their lifestyle and health. These key areas, and selected findings within each area, are briefly summarised here.
Life Course and Lifestyle
This section focuses on children as they age, and recognises the importance of continuing to research how factors before conception, during gestation and in the very early years of life can affect present and future health. The challenges that children face as they grow up are also highlighted â these can be created because of policy decisions that fail to take account of children and young peopleâs lives or because of the pervasive influences of individual circumstances that act ask protective or risk factors for childrenâs actions. The concept of resilience in childhood is also highlighted, and how research needs to focus on this important and powerful means of improving childrenâs lives. A key issue, throughout the life course, is mental health and well-being. Fostering well-being in children from birth, and throughout childhood will provide numerous individual and societal benefits. It deserves a greater research focus.
Socio-economic and Cultural Factors
The socio-economic and cultural environment in which a child is born and grows up has a potent effect on a childâs health and well-being. Inequity and inequalities in health, between and within nations depending on socio-economic circumstances, are known to affect health outcomes. Those in the poorest areas have worse health, and shorter lives than those in the wealthiest areas. Other groups are at risk of marginalisation from health services and from opportunities that can maximise their health. These include migrant children where the question is how best to support their integration into their new societies and communities, while retaining their individual identity; children in the state care system have poor health and social outcomes, so improving these, by focused research is important for the future health of these children; children from minority population groups, in particular those who travel across nations, such as the Roma, need to have focused attention, to ensure that their health outcomes begin to match those of the general European child population.
Social and Community Networks
The main influences on children and young people are their immediate family and community networks. This extends from the influence of the family as a warm and nurturing environment in which to grow up â and conversely a place of the most profound danger and threat if such a family environment is toxic; to the wider influence of school, and finally the broader community. Becoming engaged and involved in community life is beneficial for the entire population, not just for the children and young people directly involved. It is an aspect of children and young peopleâs experience that is important for well-being and social inclusion.
Environment
The term 'environment' covers several different concepts, and the RICHE Roadmap describes the physical, virtual and also the perceived environment â all of which interlink in childrenâs lives, and have a profound effect on their health and development. These include the physical environment, the virtual (digital) environment, physical safety, including injury prevention, and protection form crime, anti-social behaviour and violence (both as perpetrators and victims).
Complex Health Issues
The majority of children in Europe are healthy, and ill-health is not a characteristic of this population as it is in, for example, an ageing population. However, there are certain health issues that affect children, and as such can blight an entire lifetime. Our Roadmap does not cover clinical issues, but takes a population perspective. There are certain disorders that have a population-wide effect and are prevalent enough in the child population to warrant particular attention from a public health viewpoint. Four specific areas of concern were identified â overweight and obesity, mental health, sexual and reproductive health, and neuro-developmental disorders.
Health Services
The main research needs of the health services focuses on the prevention of poor health. Comparing health services across Europe and evaluating the means of conveying health promotion messages are important directions for health research to investigate. Indicators need developing which reflect the effect of preventive actions, particularly among younger children. Vulnerable populations, such as those in deprived communities, need to have health prevention services particularly targeted. There is little systematic evaluation of such interventions, which compromises the development of new interventions and their implementation. Those who do not access services and those who need particular attention can be identified.
Public Health Infrastructure
Health surveillance is essential so that health needs can be identified and addressed effectively for the benefit of the child population. Yet, many existing sources of data are neither analysed, nor made available in a child-centric way. Children need to be made more visible in the data so that they can have more effective health promotion and health care on a population level. Specific examples include work on autism and morbidity due to injury. Europe also needs to establish proper measures and indicators of childrenâs health and childrenâs lives. We cannot act properly without first identifying and measuring the problem. Electronic health records are an emerging technology that has great potential, both for research, and for improved access to care. They need to be developed and investigated further to encourage their use across the European Union.
Improving Research Capacity
It is necessary to ensure that there are enough resources, both to do research, and to make use of the research findings. To sustain research activity, specialist training for junior child health researchers is needed, as are sufficient resources to maintain a critical mass of researchers and provide attractive career paths for them. Children and young people as subjects of research need to continue to be safeguarded by a consistently ethical framework, and information collected about children needs to be accurate, comprehensive and used intelligently so that interventions and services can be correctly directed.
Using the roadmap
The roadmap is a complex document, addressed to a number of different stakeholders. One key group are those who make decision bout research finding priorities. We have disseminated the roadmap widely at EU level, to reach into the process of priority setting for Horizon 2020. This has been done thought National Contact Points in each partner country, through relevant NGO's, and by sending copes to and meeting with relevant parts of the European Commission. Readers using the roadmap will most likely use it in two ways, first to make a general case for investment in Child Health Research, and secondly to target that investment, by considering the questions we have identified, and reviewing our justifications for these choices. We do not expect our work to determine future investments in child health, but we are confident that using our work would lead to better decisions overall.
Conclusions
Our core value is to put children first in our work. We take the rights of the child seriously, and we are conscious that many children do not have the opportunity to exercise the right to health and healthcare that European children they ought to have. The topics in this Roadmap are pragmatic in that they are researchable (within the grasp of presently available research methods and resources) and that are likely to have a significant effect on the lives of European children. This will go a considerable distance in improving the health and well-being of European children who may not have benefited from Europeâs good fortune up until this point. At the very least, the RICHE Roadmap aims to begin a serious conversation across Europe about the need for research to focus on children and how this will ultimately benefit all members of the European population.
There is a need for children to become substantially more visible in European society. At present many childrenâs lives are invisible to health surveillance and to research. Sometimes they are submerged with their families, as in the case of Roma or for children of illegal and undocumented immigrant families. Even in well-documented societies, childrenâs circumstances are invisible as data are collected from the perspective of economically active adults, or households. Therefore, an overarching recommendation in this road map is the establishment of a European Child Health Observatory with a simple remit to make European Children, and their lives, health and attainment of rights more visible. We also recommend continuing and extending the discussion to the edge of existing child health boundaries, to address topics such as the effects on childrenâs health of urban design and architecture, fiscal policy (which can affect many health issues), welfare, or health effects of immigration policy.
The RICHE Roadmap hopes to point the way in which children can be fully recognised and respected as forming a valuable population and whose health and well-being contributes to the health of our present and future European society
The (in)stability of money demand in the euro area: lessons from a cross-country analysis
The instability of standard money demand functions has undermined the role of monetary aggregates for monetary policy analysis in the euro area. This paper uses country-specific monetary aggregates to shed more light on the economics behind the instability of euro area money demand. Our results obtained from panel estimation indicate that the observed instability of standard money demand functions could be explained by omitted variables like e.g. technological progress that are important for money demand but constant across member countries
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