633 research outputs found
The Equilibrium State of Molecular Regions in the Outer Galaxy
A summary of global properties and an evaluation of the equilibrium state of
molecular regions in the outer Galaxy are presented from the decomposition of
the FCRAO Outer Galaxy Survey and targeted 12CO and 13CO observations of four
giant molecular cloud complexes. The ensemble of identified objects includes
both small, isolated clouds and clumps within larger cloud complexes. 12CO
velocity dispersions show little variation with cloud sizes for radii less than
10 pc. It is demonstrated that the internal motions of regions with molecular
masses greater than 10**4 msuns are bound by self gravity, yet, the constituent
clumps of cloud complexes and isolated molecular clouds with M < 10**3 msuns
are not in self gravitational equilibrium. The required external pressures to
maintain the equilibrium of this population are (1-2)x10**4 cm-3-K.Comment: To appear in ApJ, 32 pages, 13 figures, 2 table
Renewal Pruning Alone or in Combination with Thinning Pruning Affects Growth, Fruit Yield and Fruit Quality of Aroniaberry
Aroniaberry (Aronia mitschurinii) produces small pome fruits that possess health promoting compounds. Management practices for orchards are lacking, since aroniaberry is a relatively new crop. Pruning is an important cultural practice to optimize fruit yield in orchards. The response of an established aroniaberry orchard to pruning was evaluated over three years (2020 to 2022). Pruning treatments were as follows: 1) renewal pruning (removal of shoots to the base) only in year 1; 2) renewal pruning in year 1 + thinning to 18 shoots in year 2; 3) renewal pruning in year 1 + thinning to 9 shoots in year 2; and 4) no-pruning (control). In response to renewal pruning, plants grew uniformly and vigorously, producing 28 new vegetative primary shoots with an average length of 66 cm by the end of the first growing season. Limited flowering and fruiting occurred in the second season for plants receiving pruning treatments. Fruit yield on pruned plants was significantly less than for unpruned controls. In season 2, increased thinning of renewal-pruned plants negatively affected the number of inflorescences per plant, but positively affected individual fruit fresh weight and fruit °Brix:titratable acidity ratios. Fruits from all treatments had similar monomeric anthocyanins, total phenolics and mineral content. In season 3, flower production and predicted fruit yield from pruned plants and unpruned controls were similar, even though pruned plants were substantially smaller. In the third season, there were no longer any differences between renewed + thinned plants and those that received only renewal pruning, making shoot thinning an unnecessary practice. The results of this study demonstrate that renewal pruning can be an effective way to manage and rejuvenate an aging aroniaberry orchard
Chilling Requirements to Relieve Bud Dormancy in Black-fruited Aronia Taxonomic Groups Is Related to Ploidy and Geographic Origin
The genus Aronia Medik., also known as chokeberry, is a group of deciduous shrubs in the Rosaceae family, subtribe Malinae. The two commonly accepted black-fruited Aronia species are black chokeberry [Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott] and aroniaberry [Aronia mitschurinii (A.K. Skvortsov & Maitul)]. The geographic range of wild A. melanocarpa is the Great Lakes region and the northeastern United States, with a southerly extension into the higher elevations of the Appalachian Mountains. Wild A. melanocarpa found in New England are diploids, whereas plants throughout the rest of the range are tetraploids. A. mitschurinii is a cultivated hybrid between ĂSorbaronia fallax (C.K.Schneid.) C.K.Schneid. and A. melanocarpa and exists as a tetraploid. There is currently limited diversity of Aronia genotypes in the ornamental and fruit industries, and many of the current cultivars are not adapted to the southern United States and similar environs with limited chilling to break winter dormancy. The goal of this study was to determine 1) the chilling requirements for A. mitschurinii âVikingâ and 2) the range of chilling requirements for wild A. melanocarpa genotypes from different geographic origins. Two experiments were conducted in which plants were subjected to various chilling accumulation treatments and then moved to a greenhouse for observation of budbreak and subsequent growth. Expt. 1 was conducted at the University of Maryland at Wye, MD, and focused solely on the commercial cultivar A. mitschurinii âVikingâ. Outdoor, ambient fall and winter temperatures were used to achieve the chilling treatments. In Expt. 1, we determined the optimal chilling requirements for A. mitschurinii âVikingâ to be greater than 900 h using the single temperature model. Expt. 2 was conducted at the University of Connecticut and focused on wild genotypes, plus A. mitschurinii âVikingâ. A fixed temperature cold room was used to achieve chilling treatments. In Expt. 2, we found A. melanocarpa genotypes from southern regions in the United States required chilling accumulation of 600 h (single temperature model), compared with genotypes from northern regions that required more than 900 h of chilling accumulation. Tetraploid A. melanocarpa required 900 h of chilling to break bud, but diploid A. melanocarpa required 1200 h of chilling to break bud. Expt. 2 confirmed the 900-h chilling requirement for A. mitschurinii âVikingâ. For both experiments, the rate of budbreak and shoot growth was positively correlated with increasing amounts of chilling
Prototyping the Semantics of a DSL using ASF+SDF: Link to Formal Verification of DSL Models
A formal definition of the semantics of a domain-specific language (DSL) is a
key prerequisite for the verification of the correctness of models specified
using such a DSL and of transformations applied to these models. For this
reason, we implemented a prototype of the semantics of a DSL for the
specification of systems consisting of concurrent, communicating objects. Using
this prototype, models specified in the DSL can be transformed to labeled
transition systems (LTS). This approach of transforming models to LTSs allows
us to apply existing tools for visualization and verification to models with
little or no further effort. The prototype is implemented using the ASF+SDF
Meta-Environment, an IDE for the algebraic specification language ASF+SDF,
which offers efficient execution of the transformation as well as the ability
to read models and produce LTSs without any additional pre or post processing.Comment: In Proceedings AMMSE 2011, arXiv:1106.596
5-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration in paediatric cancer patients from Scotland:a prospective cohort study
Children with cancer are potentially at high risk of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] inadequacy and despite UK vitamin D supplementation guidelines their implementation remains inconsistent. Thus, we aimed to investigate 25(OH)D concentration and factors contributing to 25(OH)D inadequacy in paediatric cancer patients. A prospective cohort study of Scottish children aged <18 years, diagnosed with and treated for cancer (patients) between Aug 2010-Jan 2014 was performed, with control data from Scottish healthy children (controls). Clinical and nutritional data were collected at defined periods up to 24 months. 25(OH)D status was defined by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2013); inadequacy [<50 nmol/L: deficiency (<25 nmol/L), insufficiency (25-50 nmol/L)], sufficiency (51-75 nmol/L), optimal (>75 nmol/L). Eighty-two patients [median(IQR) age 3.9(1.9-8.8); 56% males)] and 35 controls [median(IQR) age (6.2(4.8-9.1); 49% males] were recruited. 25(OH)D inadequacy was highly prevalent in the controls (63%; 22/35), and in the patients (64%; 42/65) at both baseline and during treatment (33-50%). Non-supplemented children had the highest prevalence of 25(OH)D inadequacy at every stage with 25(OH)D median(IQR) ranging from 32.0 (21.0-46.5) nmol/L to 45.0(28.0-64.5) nmol/L. Older age at baseline [R=-0.46; p<0.001], overnutrition (BMI â„85th centile) at 3 months [p=0.005; RR=3.1] and not being supplemented at 6 months (p=0.04; RR=4.3) may have contributed to lower plasma 25(OH)D. Paediatric cancer patients are not at higher risk of 25(OH)D inadequacy than healthy children at diagnosis; however prevalence of 25(OH)D inadequacy is still high and non-supplemented children have a higher risk. Appropriate monitoring and therapeutic supplementation should be implemented
Time of harvest affects United States-grown Aronia mitschurinii berry polyphenols, âŠBrix, and acidity
The goal of this study was to determine how the date of harvest impacts the quality characteristics of Aronia mitschurinii (A. K. Skvortsov and Maitul.) âVikingâ and âGalicjankaâ berries. Aronia berries were collected from farms in the Midwestern and Northeastern United States over seven weeks of harvest during 2018, 2019 and 2020. The berries were analyzed for total phenol, anthocyanins, proanthocyanins, sugar, and acid. Aronia berry composition modestly deviated between each year of the study. Berries harvested in 2018 had the highest total phenols and proanthocyanidins, both increasing in content from weeks 1â5 from 15.90 ± 3.15â19.65 mg gallic acid equivalents/g fw, a 24% increase, and 2.22 ± 0.40â2.94 mg (+)-catechin equivalents/g fw, a 32% increase, respectively. Berries harvested in 2019 had the lowest total phenol and proanthocyanidin levels and had increasing anthocyanins until week 4. In 2020, aronia berry proanthocyanidins differed from those in 2018 by having 38% lower levels after the 4th week. Across years, berries had increasing âŠBrix, âŠBrix: acid, and pH throughout the seven weeks of harvest. Additionally, all years had slight, but statistically insignificant decreases in acidity over the harvest period. Moreover, analysis from berries collected in 2019 suggests no significant difference in quality factors between Viking and Galicjanka aronia cultivars. In conclusion, aronia berry total phenols, proanthocyanidins, pH, and berry size can be significantly affected by the growing year and time of harvest. Acidity was impacted more by growing year than harvest week. In contrast, anthocyanins and âŠBrix were consistent between years, but influenced considerably by the week of harvest
Spitzer IRS 16 micron Observations of the GOODS Fields
We present Spitzer 16 micron imaging of the Great Observatories Origins Deep
Survey (GOODS) fields. We survey 150 square arcminutes in each of the two GOODS
fields (North and South), to an average 3 sigma depth of 40 and 65 micro-Jy
respectively. We detect about 1300 sources in both fields combined. We validate
the photometry using the 3-24 micron spectral energy distribution of stars in
the fields compared to Spitzer spectroscopic templates. Comparison with ISOCAM
and AKARI observations in the same fields show reasonable agreement, though the
uncertainties are large. We provide a catalog of photometry, with sources cross
correlated with available Spitzer, Chandra, and HST data. Galaxy number counts
show good agreement with previous results from ISOCAM and AKARI, with improved
uncertainties. We examine the 16 to 24 micron flux ratio and find that for most
sources it lies within the expected locus for starbursts and infrared luminous
galaxies. A color cut of S_{16}/S_{24}>1.4 selects mostly sources which lie at
1.1<z<1.6, where the 24 micron passband contains both the redshifted 9.7 micron
silicate absorption and the minimum between PAH emission peaks. We measure the
integrated galaxy light of 16 micron sources, and find a lower limit on the
galaxy contribution to the extragalactic background light at this wavelength to
be 2.2\pm 0.2$ nW m^{-2} sr^{-1}.Comment: Accepted for Publication in the AJ. 53 preprint pages, including 15
figures and 8 tables. Table 1-4 are truncated in the ms.tex but are included
in full in the tar file (and will be available in the online version of the
AJ
A Core Curriculum in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences for Dentistry
INTRODUCTION: The biomedical sciences (BMS) are a central part of the dental curriculum that underpins teaching and clinical practice in all areas of dentistry. Although some specialist groups have proposed curricula in their particular topic areas, there is currently no overarching view of what should be included in a BMS curriculum for undergraduate dental programmes. To address this, the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE) convened a Special Interest Group (SIG) with representatives from across Europe to develop a consensus BMS curriculum for dental programmes. CURRICULUM: This paper summarises the outcome of the deliberations of this SIG and details a consensus view from the SIG of what a BMS curriculum should include. CONCLUSIONS: Given the broad nature of BMS applied to dentistry, this curriculum framework is advisory and seeks to provide programme planners with an indicative list of topics which can be mapped to specific learning objectives within their own curricula. As dentistry becomes increasingly specialised, these will change, or some elements of the undergraduate curriculum may move to the post-graduate setting. So, this document should be seen as a beginning and it will need regular review as BMS curricula in dentistry evolve
Discovery of a Large ~200 kpc Gaseous Nebula at z=2.7 with the Spitzer Space Telescope
We report the discovery of a very large, spatially extended Ly alpha
-emitting nebula at z=2.656 associated with a luminous mid-infrared source. The
bright mid-infrared source (F(24um)=0.86 mJy) was first detected in
observations made using the Spitzer Space Telescope. Existing broad-band
imaging data from the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey revealed the mid-infrared
source to be associated with a diffuse, spatially extended, optical counterpart
in the Bw band. Spectroscopy and further imaging of this target reveals that
the optical source is an almost purely line-emitting nebula with little, if
any, detectable diffuse continuum emission. The Lya nebula has a luminosity of
L[Lya] ~ 1.7e44 erg/s and an extent of at least 20 arcsec (160 kpc). Its
central ~8 arcsec shows an ordered, monotonic velocity profile; interpreted as
rotation, this region encloses a mass M = 6e12 Msun. Several sources lie within
the nebula. The central region of the nebula shows narrow (~365 km/s) emission
lines of CIV and HeII. The mid-infrared source is a compact object lying within
the nebula, but offset from the center by a projected distance of ~2.5 arcsec
(20 kpc), and likely to be an enshrouded AGN. A young star-forming galaxy lies
near the northern end of the nebula. We suggest that the nebula is a site of
recent multiple galaxy and AGN formation, with the spatial distribution of
galaxies within the nebula perhaps tracking the formation history of the
system.Comment: 37 pages (includes 11 figures). Accepted to Ap
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