Analyse comparée de la participation des victimes devant la Cour Pénale Internationale et devant les juridictions pénales des pays de tradition romano-germanique

Alors que la Cour Pénale Internationale a été la première juridiction à reconnaître aux victimes le droit de participer à la procédure pénale internationale, elle n’offre toujours pas les garanties nécessaires pour leur participation effective. L’article compare leur participation devant la Cour et dans les pays de tradition romano-germanique. L’auteur souligne l’influence juridique des pays de Civil Law sur le Statut de Rome et fournit une analyse critique de la pratique de la CPI sur ce sujet. Cette étude propose des recommandations dans le but d’améliorer la participation des victimes. L’auteur conclut que donner une voie aux victimes ne signifie pas nécessairement leur octroyer le statut de « partie civile », comme dans le système français, mais doit commencer par définir précisément leur droit substantiels et procéduraux.Even though the International Criminal Court was the first legal institution to recognize victims’ rights to participate in international criminal proceedings, it does not offer the necessary guarantees for their effective participation. The article compares the Court’s practice in relation to victim participation with that of victims in the Romano-Germanic system. The author outlines the legal influence of the Civil law regime in the Rome Statute and provides a critical assessment of the ICC’s practice on the matter. This analysis sets out recommendations designed to improve victims’ rights before the ICC. The author concludes that giving victims a voice does not necessarily mean recognizing victims as « partie civile », as in the French system, but should start by providing a precise definition of their substantial and procedural rights

Le traitement de la folie et des passions amoureuses chez les traducteurs et imitateurs français de l’Orlando furioso de l’Arioste (1544-1601): construction d’une tradition littéraire

a successful book in Italy and then beyond the Alps. While the literary reception of Ariosto inFrance has already been widely studied since the work of Alexandre Ciorănescu and SijbrandKeyser, this PhD dissertation consists of an analysis of the diffusion of this masterpiece throughthe prism of the loving passion. In the sixteenth century, during the first French reception, readers and authors felt passionately about amorous episodes, and more specifically ones about the madness of desperate lovers. French authors took several figures of unfortunate lovers from the abundance of characters in Orlando furioso. Besides, thanks to its plasticity, Ariosto’s text was able to inspire most literary genres. We study the evolution of this representation of passion in French translations and imitations, both through a diachronic analysis and an analysis by literary genre. While in the first translations the French transposition can sometimes influence the representation of passion, the love poetry adopted more aesthetical an approach of these episodes. We insist on the 1570s, as they demonstrate the presence of remake in the epic genre but also of many partial imitations. Thus, the representation of the sentiment amoureux will progressively be depicted with more diversity and complexity until the beginning of the seventeenth century when it evolved towards a more psychological approach.Medieval and Early Modern Studie

Occupational Science for Occupational Therapy. Un Livre de Doris Pierce

Sans résumé

Virus-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion

Cell-cell fusion between eukaryotic cells is a general process involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, including infections by bacteria, parasites, and viruses. As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses use intracellular machineries and pathways for efficient replication in their host target cells. Interestingly, certain viruses, and, more especially, enveloped viruses belonging to different viral families and including human pathogens, can mediate cell-cell fusion between infected cells and neighboring non-infected cells. Depending of the cellular environment and tissue organization, this virus-mediated cell-cell fusion leads to the merge of membrane and cytoplasm contents and formation of multinucleated cells, also called syncytia, that can express high amount of viral antigens in tissues and organs of infected hosts. This ability of some viruses to trigger cell-cell fusion between infected cells as virus-donor cells and surrounding non-infected target cells is mainly related to virus-encoded fusion proteins, known as viral fusogens displaying high fusogenic properties, and expressed at the cell surface of the virus-donor cells. Virus-induced cell-cell fusion is then mediated by interactions of these viral fusion proteins with surface molecules or receptors involved in virus entry and expressed on neighboring non-infected cells. Thus, the goal of this review is to give an overview of the different animal virus families, with a more special focus on human pathogens, that can trigger cell-cell fusion

Nanoindentation: A powerful tool to explore the wide chemical space of high entropy alloys

High entropy alloys (HEA) are multi-component alloys, without any minor or major elements (i.e. : all elements are very concentrated) and they form a unique solid solution. It was proven that, especially for the system Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni, they exist for a very wide range of composition [1]. This opens the opportunity of multi-properties optimization, like cost, density and mechanical resistance. However, to take advantage of this opportunity, accelerated mechanical testing tools are required. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

High-dose ion irradiation damage in Fe28Ni28Mn26Cr18 characterised by TEM and depth-sensing nanoindentation

One of the key challenges for the development of high-performance fusion materials is to design materials capable of maintaining mechanical and structural integrity under the extreme levels of displacement damage, high temperature and transmutation rates. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) and other concentrated alloys have attracted attention with regards to their performance under fusion conditions. In recent years, a number of investigations of the irradiation responses of HEAs have peaked the community’s interest in them, such as the work of Kumar et al. (2016), who examined Fe27Ni28Mn27Cr18 at doses as high as 10 dpa. In this work, we study Fe28Ni28Mn26Cr18 concentrated multicomponent alloy with irradiation doses as high as 20 dpa. We find the presence of Cr rich bcc precipitates in both the un-irradiated and in the irradiated condition, and the presence of dislocation loops only in the irradiated state. We correlate the features found with irradiation hardening by the continuous stiffness method (CSM) depth-sensing nanoindentation technique and see that the change in the bulk hardness increases significantly at 20 dpa for temperatures 450 °C. These results indicate that the alloy is neither stable as a single phase after annealing at 900 °C, nor particularly resistant to irradiation hardening

Spontaneous virulence loss in natural populations of Listeria monocytogenes

International audienceThe pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes depends on the ability of this bacterium to escape from the phagosome of the host cells via the action of the pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO). Expression of the LLO-encoding gene (hly) requires the transcriptional activator PrfA, and both hly and prfA genes are essential for L. monocytogenes virulence. Here, we used the hemolytic activity of LLO as a phenotypic marker to screen for spontaneous virulence-attenuating mutations in L. monocytogenes. Sixty nonhemolytic isolates were identified among a collection of 57,820 confirmed L. monocytogenes strains isolated from a variety of sources (0.1%). In most cases (56/60; 93.3%), the nonhemolytic phenotype resulted from nonsense, missense, or frameshift mutations in prfA. Five strains carried hly mutations leading to a single amino acid substitution (G299V) or a premature stop codon causing strong virulence attenuation in mice. In one strain, both hly and gshF (encoding a glutathione synthase required for full PrfA activity) were missing due to genomic rearrangements likely caused by a transposable element. The PrfA/LLO loss-of-function (PrfA Ϫ /LLO Ϫ) mutants belonged to phylogenetically diverse clades of L. monocyto-genes, and most were identified among nonclinical strains (57/60). Consistent with the rare occurrence of loss-of-virulence mutations, we show that prfA and hly are under purifying selection. Although occurring at a low frequency, PrfA Ϫ /LLO Ϫ muta-tional events in L. monocytogenes lead to niche restriction and open an evolutionary path for obligate saprophytism in this facultative intracellular pathogen

The additive manufacture processing and machinability of CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy

We report a study of the machining characteristics of a High Entropy Alloy, CrMnFeCoNi (Cantor's Alloy). The alloy in powder form is first used to Additively Manufacture a relatively large block by Selective Laser Melting. This block provides the material for a parametric study of the machining response in comparison to a reference AISI 304L stainless steel, both in terms of the surface finish obtained for different machining parameters, and the tool wear. It was found that the CrMnFeCoNi alloy has in fact better machinability than the AISI 304L stainless steel, and indications from the machined surface are that this is due to the plastic behaviour in this alloy, with good, but not excessive, strength, and significant ductility. While this behaviour may not be replicated in all HEAs, it shows that alloys with good machinability can be found in this class, and that early assessment of machinability can help guide alloy design activities

Towards the prediction of thoracic injuries during blunt ballistic impacts through experimental and numerical approaches

Depuis plusieurs décennies, l’évaluation des armes à létalité réduite (ALR) et des gilets pare-balles suscite l’intérêt majeur des forces de l’ordre autour du globe. En effet, ces armes présumées à létalité réduite ou non létales sont tenues d’occasionner uniquement une douleur suffisamment importante à un individu afin d’assurer sa neutralisation. Les gilets pare-balles, quant à eux, doivent garantir un certain niveau de protection pour réduire le risque de traumatismes lié à leur déformation dynamique. Le Centre de Recherche, d’Expertise et d’appui Logistique (CREL) du Ministère de l’Intérieur français a ainsi pour objectif le développement d’un outil de prédiction du risque lésionnel thoracique lors d’impacts balistiques non pénétrants. Cela permettrait alors d’évaluer les performances des ALR et des gilets pare-balles avant leur déploiement en théâtre d’opérations. Plus précisément, cette méthode doit uniquement être fondée sur la mesure directe du processus dynamique de déformation d’un bloc de gel synthétique soumis à un impact balistique. Pour répondre à ce besoin, l’approche numérique est considérée dans ces travaux de thèse par l’emploi du mannequin numérique du thorax humain HUByx comme un outil intermédiaire permettant la détermination de fonctions de transfert entre les mesures expérimentales sur un bloc de gel et le risque lésionnel. La reproduction de conditions d’impact réelles sur HUByx nécessite la caractérisation et la modélisation de projectiles ALR ainsi que de projectiles d’armes à feu et de gilets pare-balles. Elles reposent sur une procédure d’identification par méthode inverse appliquée à l’essai de Taylor pour la modélisation des ALR et à l’essai du cône dynamique d’enfoncement sur le bloc de gel pour celle du couple projectile/gilet pare-balles. Des travaux sont dédiés à la caractérisation mécanique et à la modélisation du gel synthétique sous sollicitations dynamiques. Enfin, une approche statistique basée sur des analyses de corrélation est introduite exploitant à la fois les mesures expérimentales, les données numériques ainsi que les rapports de cas de la littérature. Une cartographie du thorax associée au risque de fractures costales est établie et est uniquement fonction d’une mesure expérimentale.For decades, the assessment of less-lethal weapons (LLW) and bulletproof vests has generated major interest from law enforcement agencies around the world. Indeed, these presumed less-lethal or non-lethal weapons are required to cause only significant pain to an individual to ensure their neutralization. Bulletproof vests, in turn, must provide a certain level of protection to reduce the risk of trauma related to their dynamic deformation. The Center for Research, Expertise and Logistics Support (CREL) of the French Ministry of the Interior aims to develop a tool to predict thoracic injury risk during non-penetrating ballistic impacts. It would therefore be possible to evaluate the performance of LLW and bulletproof vests before their deployment in operations. More precisely, this method must only be based on the direct measurement of the dynamic process of deformation of a synthetic gel block subjected to a ballistic impact. To address that issue, the numerical approach is considered in this thesis by the use of the human thorax dummy HUByx as an intermediate tool for the determination of transfer functions between experimental metrics on a gel block and the risk of injury. The reproduction of real impact conditions on HUByx thus requires the characterization and modeling of less-lethal projectiles as well as projectiles of firearms and bulletproof vests. They rely on an inverse method identification procedure applied to the Taylor test for modeling LLW and on the analysis of blunt impacts on the gel block for projectiles/bulletproof vests. Work is then dedicated to the mechanical characterization and modeling of the synthetic gel under dynamic loadings. Finally, a statistical approach based on correlation analyses is introduced using both experimental measurements, numerical data as well as case reports from the literature. A thorax mapping associated with the risk of rib fractures is established and only depends on an experimental metric

Thermodynamics and mechanical behavior of multi-component materials

En rupture avec les approches classiques de métallurgie consistant à allier un ou deux éléments majoritaires avec d'autres éléments en proportions minoritaires, un nouveau concept de matériaux est né : des alliages multi-composants formant une solution solide et pour lesquels tous les composants sont fortement concentrés. Ces nouveaux alliages, appelés alliages à haute entropie, présentent des propriétés mécaniques prometteuses, telles qu'une résistance mécanique élevée combiné à une grande ductilité. Par définition, ce nouveau concept de matériau rend possible l'exploration d'un champ quasi-infini de compositions chimiques. Toutefois, la stabilité thermodynamique de ces systèmes est mal connue, limitant fortement le choix des compositions. Dans ce contexte, le premier objectif de cette étude était de déterminer le domaine d'existence de la solution solide cubique à faces centrées (cfc) pour le système Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni. Pour cela, la stabilité de phase cfc a été étudiée théoriquement et expérimentalement. En utilisant l'approche Calphad (Calculation of PHAse Diagram) et une nouvelle base de données (TCHEA-1), les phases stables de 10 626 compositions ont pu être calculées, à plusieurs températures. La comparaison entre calculs et résultats expérimentaux indique que la solution solide cfc est correctement décrite par cette base de données. Ainsi, il a été montré que la phase cfc est stable sur une large gamme de composition, décrite intégralement. Il est désormais possible de choisir une composition formant une solution solide stable à haute température pour ce système. Des calculs DFT (Density Functional Theory) ont ensuite permis d'analyser l'évolution de l'enthalpie de mélange en fonction de la composition mais aussi du nombre d'éléments. Des différences notables ont pu être constatées avec les prédictions faites par la base de données TCHEA-1. De plus, ces calculs ont mis en avant l'absence d'interaction ternaire et quaternaire pour le système d'étude. Ensuite, l'influence de la composition sur le durcissement par solution solide a été étudiée, pour permettre l'optimisation des propriétés mécaniques. Ainsi, l'évolution des propriétés structurelles et mécaniques des alliages multi-composants a été étudiée expérimentalement. Vingt-cinq alliages du système Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni formant une solution solide cfc ont été traités. Le paramètre de maille a été mesuré par rayons X tandis que la dureté et le module d'élasticité ont été étudiés par nano-indentation. Le rôle de chaque élément sur le comportement mécanique fut ainsi explicité. Finalement, un modèle permettant d'estimer le durcissement de solution solide pour ce système est étudiéFor a long time, development of alloys was restricted to one principal element, or two, with minor elements added for performance optimization. In 2004, a new concept of materials was born: multi-component alloys forming a solid-solution and in which all components are very concentrated. These new alloys, named high entropy alloys, can combine high mechanical resistance and large ductility. By definition this new material concept should make it possible to explore an almost infinite field of chemical compositions. But in the meantime, the thermodynamic stability of these systems was poorly known and severely limits the choice of alloy compositions. In this context, the first objective of this study was to fully determine the composition range of existence of a unique fcc solid solution within the multi-component Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni system. To address this problem, the phase stability was theoretically and experimentally investigated. Using the Calphad approach and a new database (TCHEA-1), the stable phases of 10 626 compositions could be calculated, at several temperatures. The comparison between calculation and experimental results indicates that the fcc solid solution is accurately described by this database. Finally, it was shown that the fcc phase is stable over a wide range of composition, which was completely described. Now, it is possible to choose a priori a composition which will form a solid solution within this system. The heat of mixing of the fcc phase were compared between density functional theory (DFT) and Calphad calculations for binaries, ternaries, quaternaries and quinary systems. Significant differences were found with the predictions made by the TCHEA-1 database. In addition, these calculations have highlighted the absence of ternary and quaternary interaction for the Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni system. However, the influence of the composition on the fcc solid solution strengthening was not fully understood, which limits mechanical optimization. So, the evolution of structural and mechanical properties of multi-components alloys was experimentally investigated. Several alloys from the Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni system forming a unique fcc solid solution were processed. The lattice parameter was measured by XRD while the hardness and elastic modulus were measured by nano-indentation. The role of each element on the mechanical behaviour is presented. Finally, a model to assess the solid solution strengthening for this system is studie