State-trait anxiety and reduced emotional intelligence in combat sport athletes of different genders and competitive levels.

This study compared the emotional intelligence and state-trait anxiety between competitive level, gender and performance. For this, were measured 444 athletes (female n=171) from jiu-jitsu (n=142), judo (n=137), karate (n=57), kendo (n=63), taekwondo (n=25) and wrestling (n=20). We applied the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) and Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24). The results indicated that high-level female showed lower state anxiety than the low-level [14.0 (1.0; 36.0) vs. 20.0 (1.0; 58.0); p=0.03]. High-level showed lower values than intermediate (p=0.006) and lower-level (p=0.013). The 1st regression, the regulation dimension was the main variable to explain the level of competition for females (R2=0.046), in the 2nd model, the regulation dimension and state anxiety explained the level (R2=0.066). For males, trace anxiety explained the lower-level (R2=0.019). In conclusion, lower-level female athletes are more anxious than lower-males, but in the domains of emotional intelligence, higher-level female showed a higher comprehension and perception than higher- males.post-print317 K

PHYSICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL ASPECTS THAT CAN INFLUENCE THE PREFERENCE FOR THE UCHIMATA TECHNIQUE IN JUDO: A CASE STUDY

The aim of this study was to compare the handgrip strength, flexibility level (sit and reach test), kumikata and biomechanical aspects of the uchimata technique of two national level judokas, one who favors to use the uchimata (tokui-waza), and one who selects another judo technique in combat. We recorded the highest value of three attempts for handgrip strength (handgrip test), and flexibility (sit and reach); we recorded the highest value of three attempts for strength (handgrip test) and flexibility (sit and reach test); we analyzed the uchimata phases (kuzushi, tsukuri, kake and zanshi) in 3D using Vicon® system. We found that non-traditional kumikata during combat (grips with both hands on the same side), greater level of flexibility (45 vs. 36 cm), greater leg opening distance (113 vs. 66 cm) and greater displacement speed of the center of mass performing the technique (75 vs. 49 cm/s) may be indicators for the choice of uchimata technique as tokui-waza

Judo combat time, scores, and penalties: Review of competition rules changes between 2010 and 2020

This study aimed to describe and analyze the main changes in the official competitive rules of judo between 2010 and 2020, highlighting changes in combat time, scores and penalties. In this retrospective study, a search was performed for official documents which regulated judo rules between 2010 and 2020 on the websites of the International Judo Federation and the Brazilian Judo Confederation, as well as refereeing manuals of the Sergipe Judo Federation (Brazil) and on the Google platform. Over the years, regular combat time has been shortened (2015=5’->4’ for women; 2017=5’->4’ for men), as well as osaekomi time (2013=25”->20”). This change was intended to facilitate the public’s understanding of judo scores, as well as to devalue the use of penalties to achieve the victory (2010=koka’s exclusion; 2013=penalty was no longer worth scores; 2017=yuko’s exclusion, shido no longer decided the winner in regular time; 2018=shido no longer decided the golden score winner). Attack actions were encouraged (ban on actions to flee combat) and there was an intention to reduce the risk of injuries in competitive judo (prohibition of some types of actions and grips). In other words, there was an attempt by the International Judo Federation to encourage positive judo through the rules from 2010 to 2020. However, these constant rule changes made the competitive training context unstable. Judo coaches and athletes must be aware at the end of each Olympic cycle for new changes which will eventually be introduced and adapt to them quickly to achieve high performance

The effects of weight categories on the time-motion analysis of female high-level judo athletes between the 2016 and 2020 Olympic cycles

This study compared the time of female judo combat phases in international competitions between two Olympic cycles (2016; 2020) according to weight divisions (48 kg = 132; 52 kg = 72; 57 kg = 109; 63 kg = 96; 70 kg = 69; 78 kg = 106; >78 kg = 82; total = 666 combats/cycle). The behaviors of 1,332 high-level female judo combats were randomly observed over two Olympic cycles (2016 = 666; 2020 = 666) from the top 20 athletes in the world ranking by weight division. We performed time-motion analysis according to the combat phase and sequential judo actions (approach, gripping, attack, defense, groundwork, pause, and effort: pause ratio) considering the moment when the combat ended (Regular time = RT; Golden score = GS). The weight division groups were compared between Olympic cycles (2016; 2020), and p < 0.05 was defined as significant. The main results showed that 2020 athletes spent less time in the gripping (p = 0.005), attack (p < 0.001), defense (p < 0.001), groundwork (p<0.001) and pause (p = 0.002) phases than 2016 athletes. However, compared by the end-of-combat, 2020 female athletes spent less time in all combat phases for RT combats (p < 0.001), and more time in the approach phase for GS combats (p < 0.05) than in 2016. The 2016 weight divisions showed a higher diversity in the effort: pause ratio (2.5:1–3.4:1), whereas the 2020 weight divisions had values closer to each other (2.8,1–3:1). Analyzing each weight division separately and by the end-of-combat, the main results showed that (p < 0.05): 48, 63, 70, and 78 kg reduced the time in almost every phase of RT combat (except for: 63 kg = gripping and attack; 70 kg = approach and groundwork; 78 kg = approach); 48 and 57 kg increased the groundwork time in GS combats whereas 78 kg decreased; 52 kg and 78 kg increased the GS approach time. The temporal behavior of the combats changed between the Olympic cycles with different rules. These data must be considered to understand the characteristics of each group and to prescribe specialized training in female judo

Estudo exploratório sobre agentes farmacológicos ilegais no desempenho em artes marciais mistas

O Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) é um esporte de combate que exige a máxima capacidade física durante as competições, neste contexto, alguns atletas podem administrar substâncias ilícitas, com fins de ampliar artificialmente sua performance. Por meio de análise pareada, o presente estudo comparou as ações motoras de lutadores flagrados no teste de doping frente ao desempenho em combates em que o mesmo saiu vencedor ou foi derrotado sem a presença de doping. Para tal, foram analisados 267 rounds em combates profissionais (masculino e feminino). Os rounds foram pareados por lutadores nas condições: doping, vencedor e perdedor. As ações motoras foram analisadas através de protocolo específico previamente validado. Das substâncias detectadas, os esteroides anabólicos androgênicos representaram (55%; p≤0,001). Lutadores dopados apresentaram menor tempo de pausa (83,4±68,3 vs. 131,7±95,2; p≤0,001) e maior tempo em alta intensidade (85,2±86,6 vs. 51,2±73,3; p=0,002) frente a condição Derrota. Quanto a análise técnico-tática em combate em pé, a condição Vitória apresentou maior média frente ao doping em todas as variáveis exceto Knockdowns (p=0,08), golpe simples acertado no corpo (p=0,15), e na perna (p=0,25) e tentativa de golpe simples (p=0,4). Em conclusão, lutadores que testaram positivo apresentaram maior desempenho nas variáveis físicas (tempo de esforço e tempo de pausa) frente a condição derrota; no entanto, a condição de doping não refletiu melhor desempenho técnico

O efeito das modificações das regras no judô entre os ciclos olímpicos 2016 e 2020: diferenças temporais entre categorias de peso e sexo em combates internacionais

Introduction: This research verified the impacts of judo rule changes from 2016 and 2020 Olympic cycles on the total time, temporal phases and effort:pause ratio in international combats, considering the seven weight divisions in both sexes. Three review articles (one narrative; two systematics with meta-analysis) were produced to understand the evolution of the rules and temporal structure of judo combats. Methods: 2,712 videos of international judo combats from two Olympic cycles (2015-2016; 2019-2020) of the top 20 athletes ranked by weight division (world ranking: 05/30/2016; 03/16/2020) were analyzed. Thus, 1,332 female combats (666/Olympic cycle: ˂48kg=132; ˂52kg=72; ˂57kg=109; ˂63kg=96; ˂70kg=69; ˂78kg=106; ˃78kg=82) and 1,380 male combats (690/Olympic cycle: ˂60kg=123; ˂66kg=91; ˂73kg=100; ˂81kg=102; ˂90kg=94; ˂100kg=89; ˃100kg=91) were analyzed, and all combats took place before the interruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A judo expert used a validated software (Frami®, BRA) for temporal analysis in judo. The reliability (test/retest after one week) obtained “excellent” agreement (ICC=0.95-0.99) in the occurrence and time spent in the combat phases (approach, gripping, attack, defense, groundwork and pause). An initial study with 680 male combats was carried out to consolidate the analysis procedures. After that, data collection and analysis were performed. Results: Compared to the 2016 cycle, the male combats from 2020 cycle (p˂0.05): lasted less (2020=206.9 vs. 2016=240.3 seconds); had a higher occurrence (2020=27% vs. 2016=6%) and time (2020=95.1 vs. 2016=77.6 seconds) of Golden Score (GS); lasted less in the gripping, attack, defense and ground phases, and longer in the pause; had a lower effort:pause ratio (2020=2.3:1 vs. 2016=3.1:1). Analyzing male combats by weight division and comparing the two cycles (p˂0.05): all weight divisions reduced the gripping time in Regular Time combats (RT); ˂60kg, ˂66kg, ˂81kg and ˂100kg reduced time in almost all combat phases [except: approach (˂66kg) and pause (˂66kg, ˂81kg, ˂100kg)]; ˂66kg reduced GS combat time. Compared to the 2016, the female combats from 2020 (p˂0.05): spent less time in the attack, defense and groundwork phases; reduced the time in combats ended in RT and in its combat phases (2020=155.3 vs. 2016=191.9 seconds); had a higher occurrence (2020=20% vs. 2016=9%) and time spent in the GS (2020=122.1 vs. 2016=89.8 seconds), in which the approach and gripping phases were longer. Analyzing the female combats by weight division and comparing with the 2016 cycle, in 2020 cycle it was observed that (p˂0.05): ˂48kg, ˂63kg, ˂70kg and ˂78kg reduced the time spent in almost all phases of the combats which ended in RT [except: approach (˂78kg), gripping (˂48kg and ˂63kg) and groundwork (˂70kg)]; there was an increase in the GS occurrence in the ˂48kg (↑18%), ˂63kg (↑17%) and ˂78kg (↑21%) categories; there was less variation in the effort:pause ratio (2020= 2.8:1 to 3:1 vs. 2016= 2.5:1 to 3.4:1). Conclusion: In view of the changes in the temporal behavior of combats between the Olympic cycles, it is suggested that judo coaches plan specific technicaltactical strategies according to the current rule and the individual temporal demands of effort.Introdução: Esta pesquisa verificou os impactos das modificações das regras do judô dos ciclos olímpicos 2016 e 2020 no tempo total, fases temporais e relação esforço-pausa de combates internacionais, considerando as sete divisões de peso em ambos os sexos. Foram produzidos 3 artigos de revisão (uma narrativa; duas sistemáticas com metanálise) para compreender a evolução das regras e estrutura temporal de combates de judô. Metodologia: Analisaram-se 2.712 vídeos de combates internacionais de judô em dois ciclos olímpicos (2015-2016; 2019-2020) dos 20 primeiros atletas ranqueados por divisão de peso (ranking mundial: 30/05/2016; 16/03/2020). Assim, foram analisados 1.332 combates femininos (666/ciclo olímpico: ˂48kg=132; ˂52kg=72; ˂57kg=109; ˂63kg=96; ˂70kg=69; ˂78kg=106; ˃78kg=82) e 1.380 combates masculinos (690/ciclo olímpico: ˂60kg=123; ˂66kg=91; ˂73kg=100; ˂81kg=102; ˂90kg=94; ˂100kg=89; ˃100kg=91), que ocorreram antes da interrupção devido à pandemia COVID-19. Uma expert em judô utilizou um Software validado (Frami®, BRA) para as análises temporais no judô. A fiabilidade (com teste/reteste após uma semana) obteve concordância “excelente” (CCI=0,95-0,99) em ocorrência e tempo das fases de combate (aproximação, pegada, ataque, defesa, combate de solo e pausa). Um estudo inicial com 680 combates masculinos foi realizado para consolidar os procedimentos de análise. Posteriormente, foi realizada a coleta e análise dos dados. Resultados: Comparado com o ciclo 2016, os combates masculinos do ciclo 2020 (p˂0,05): duraram menos (2020=206,9 vs. 2016=240,3 segundos); tiveram maior ocorrência (2020=27% vs. 2016=6%); e tempo (2020=95,1 vs. 2016=77,6 segundos) de Golden Score (GS); duraram menos nas fases de pegada, ataque, defesa e solo, e mais na pausa; tiveram menor relação esforço-pausa (2020=2,3:1 vs. 2016=3,1:1). Analisando os combates masculinos por divisão de peso e comparando os dois ciclos (p˂0,05): todas as divisões de peso reduziram o tempo de pegada em combates de Tempo Regular (TR); ˂60kg, ˂66kg, ˂81kg e ˂100kg reduziram o tempo em quase todas as fases do combate [exceto: aproximação (˂66kg) e pausa (˂66kg, ˂81kg, ˂100kg)]; ˂66kg reduziu o tempo de combates de GS. Comparado com o ciclo 2016, os combates femininos do ciclo 2020 (p˂0,05): gastaram menos tempo nas fases de ataque, defesa e solo; reduziram o tempo em combates terminados no TR e em suas fases do combate (2020=155,3 vs. 2016=191,9 segundos); tiveram maior ocorrência (2020=20% vs. 2016=9%) e tempo gasto no GS (2020=122,1 vs. 2016=89,8 segundos), nos quais as fases de aproximação e pegada foram mais longas. Analisando os combates femininos por divisão de peso e comparando com 2016, no ciclo 2020 observou-se que (p˂0,05): ˂48kg, ˂63kg, ˂70kg e ˂78kg reduziram o tempo gasto em quase todas as fases dos combate que terminaram no TR [exceto: aproximação (˂78kg), pegada (˂48kg e ˂63kg) e solo (˂70kg)]; houve aumento na ocorrência de GS nas categorias ˂48kg (↑18%), ˂63kg (↑17%) e ˂78kg (↑21%); houve menor variação na relação esforço-pausa (2020= 2,8:1 a 3:1 vs. 2016= 2,5:1 a 3,4:1). Conclusão: Diante das mudanças do comportamento temporal dos combates entre os ciclos olímpicos, sugere-se que treinadores de judô planejem estratégias técnico-táticas específicas de acordo com a regra vigente e as demandas temporais de esforço individuais.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Exploratory study on illegal pharmacologic agents in mixed martial arts performance

<div><p>Abstract Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a combat sport that requires maximum physical effort during competitions. In this context, some athletes can use illicit substances in order to improve their performance. By means of paired analysis, the present study compared the motor actions of athletes who had failed an anti-doping test versus their performance in combat against a winner or loser without doping presence. For this, 267 rounds (male and female) were analyzed in professional matches. The rounds were paired by athletes in the conditions: doping, winning and losing. Motor actions were analyzed through a specific and previously-validated protocol. Of the substances detected, anabolic androgenic steroids represented 55% (p?0.001). Doped athletes had lower pause time (83.4±68.3 vs. 131.7±95.2, p?0.001) and longer time at high-intensity (85.2±86.6 vs. 51.2±73.3, p=0.002) compared to the losing condition. Regarding the technical-tactical analysis in standing combat, winning presented a higher mean compared to doping in all variables except for Knockdowns (p=0.08), single body strikes landed (p=0.15), single leg strikes landed (p=0.25) and single strike attempts (p=0.4). In conclusion, athletes who tested positive presented higher performance in the physical variables (effort and pause time) in comparison to the losing condition; however, doping did not reflect in better technical-tactical performance.</p></div