17 research outputs found
Multi frequency evaporative cooling to BEC in a high magnetic field
We demonstrate a way to circumvent the interruption of evaporative cooling
observed at high bias field for Rb atoms trapped in the (F=2, m=+2)
ground state. Our scheme uses a 3-frequencies-RF-knife achieved by mixing two
RF frequencies. This compensates part of the non linearity of the Zeeman
effect, allowing us to achieve BEC where standard 1-frequency-RF-knife
evaporation method did not work. We are able to get efficient evaporative
cooling, provided that the residual detuning between the transition and the RF
frequencies in our scheme is smaller than the power broadening of the RF
transitions at the end of the evaporation ramp.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure
Determinisitic Optical Fock State Generation
We present a scheme for the deterministic generation of N-photon Fock states
from N three-level atoms in a high-finesse optical cavity. The method applies
an external laser pulsethat generates an -photon output state while
adiabatically keeping the atom-cavity system within a subspace of optically
dark states. We present analytical estimates of the error due to amplitude
leakage from these dark states for general N, and compare it with explicit
results of numerical simulations for N \leq 5. The method is shown to provide a
robust source of N-photon states under a variety of experimental conditions and
is suitable for experimental implementation using a cloud of cold atoms
magnetically trapped in a cavity. The resulting N-photon states have potential
applications in fundamental studies of non-classical states and in quantum
information processing.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figure
Model-Based Verification, Optimization, Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of Real-Time Systems
International audienceThis article aims at providing a concise and precise Travellers Guide, Phrase Book or Reference Manual to the timed automata modeling formalism introduced by Alur and Dill [8, 9]. The paper gives comprehensive definitions of timed automata, priced (or weighted) timed automata, and timed games and highlights a number of results on associated decision problems related to model checking, equivalence checking, optimal scheduling, the existence of winning strategies, and then statistical model checking
The effect of restraint stress on paradoxical sleep is influenced by the circadian cycle
International audienceIt is well known that the physiological impact imposed by events or behaviors displayed during the waking period determines the way organisms sleep. Among the situations known to affect sleep both in its duration and quality, stress has been widely studied and it is now admitted that its effects on sleep architecture depend on several factors specific to the stressor or the individual itself. Although numerous reports have highlighted the prominent role of the circadian cycle in the physiological, endocrine and behavioral consequences of restraint stress, a possible circadian influence in the effects of stress on the sleep-wake cycle has never been studied. Thus the present study was designed to compare the effects on sleep of a 1 h-lasting restraint stress applied at light onset to those observed after the same stressor was applied at light offset. We report that in both conditions stress induced a marked paradoxical sleep increase, whereas wakefulness displayed a moderate decrease and slow wave sleep a moderate augmentation. Although the effects of stress at lights on were of similar magnitude than those of stress at lights off, important differences in the sleep rebound latencies were observed: whatever the time of day the stress was applied, its effects on sleep always occurred during the dark period. This result thus shows that restraint stress could be efficiently used to study the interaction between the circadian and homeostatic components of sleep regulation
Reaction of sleepâwakefulness cycle to stress is related to differences in hypothalamoâpituitaryâadrenal axis reactivity in rat
International audienceAcute stress is known to modify sleep-wakefulness cycle, although with considerable interindividual differences. The origin of these individual differences remains unknown. One possibility is an involvement of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), as its reactivity is correlated with an individual's behavioral reactivity to stress, and it is known to influence the sleep-wakefulness cycle. The present study was designed to analyze relationships between natural differences in behavioral reactivity to stress associated with differential HPA reactivity and stress-induced changes in sleep-wakefulness. Adult rats were classified into two sub-groups according to their locomotor reactivity to a mild stress (novel environment): the 'low responders (LR)' and the 'high responders (HR)' animals exhibited different glucocorticoid secretion in response to stress. We show that immobilization stress induced an increase in wakefulness in LR animals and a decrease in wakefulness in HR animals. On the other hand, paradoxical sleep was increased in both LR and HR animals. Moreover, we observed that LR animals slept more than the HR animals, whereas the two groups had similar levels of paradoxical sleep. These results indicate that the response of the sleep-wakefulness cycle to stress is related to the behavioral reactivity to stress, in turn governed by the individual's reactivity of the HPA axis. The involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms is discussed
Analyse détaillée de 27 mois de fonctionnement de 6 zones de rejet végétalisée (ZRVs) de taille semi-industrielle : Projet BIOTRYTIS
Les Zones de Rejet VĂ©gĂ©talisĂ©es (ZRV) sont des amĂ©nagements placĂ©s entre la station de traitement des eaux usĂ©es et le milieu rĂ©cepteur. Les besoins en rĂšgles de conception et dâexploitation sont Ă lâorigine du projet BIOTRYTIS menĂ© par Irstea et financĂ© par lâAFB, lâAgence de lâeau Adour-Garonne et Bordeaux MĂ©tropole. Le site expĂ©rimental a Ă©tĂ© construit dans le cadre de ce projet Ă BĂšgles et comprend 6 ZRV de taille semi-industrielle de 3 types diffĂ©rents (« prairie », « fossĂ© » et « autres ») alimentĂ©es par deux types dâeaux usĂ©es, et Ă©quipĂ©es spĂ©cifiquement pour rĂ©aliser des prĂ©lĂšvements dâeau et de solides (dĂ©pĂŽts, sols, vĂ©gĂ©taux). Il a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© finement pendant 27 mois, entre fin septembre 2015 et jusquâĂ la fin 2017, en vue de dĂ©terminer lâefficacitĂ© des diffĂ©rents types de ZRV et lâinfluence du type dâeau appliquĂ©e, et aboutir aux performances dâĂ©limination des compartiments eau, sol et plantes. Le site expĂ©rimental unique en France a fait lâobjet dâexpĂ©rimentations rĂ©guliĂšres telles que la caractĂ©risation des dĂ©bits et Ă©coulements dans le sol, la dĂ©termination du devenir des polluants (paramĂštres majeurs, micropolluants, bactĂ©riologie) dans lâeau de surface et dans le sol, et lâĂ©tude dâun indicateur lipidique pour Ă©valuer le stress des vĂ©gĂ©taux Ă la pollution. Ce rapport fait suite au rapport de description dĂ©taillĂ©e du site expĂ©rimental publiĂ© en 2015 et aux diffĂ©rents rapports dâavancement internes au projet.Lorsque le temps de sĂ©jour est faible (moins dâune journĂ©e), les concentrations des paramĂštres physico-chimiques majeurs (DCO, MES, COT, ammonium, nitrates, phosphates, phosphore total), dâEscherichia coli et de la plupart des mĂ©taux et micropolluants organiques varient peu au passage de lâeau en surface des ZRV alimentĂ©es par lâeau nitrifiĂ©e. Seules les concentrations en aluminium et de quelques substances organiques (gemfibrozil, ritonavir, atĂ©nolol, diclofĂ©nac, gabapentine, nonylphĂ©nol) diminuent parfois de 50%. On note une augmentation des concentrations pour quelques pharmaceutiques et pour des molĂ©cules connues pour ĂȘtre des produits de dĂ©gradation (ex. estrone, NP1EC, PFOS). LâefficacitĂ© est plus marquĂ©e pour les ZRV alimentĂ©es par lâeau non-nitrifiĂ©e (eau plus concentrĂ©e en MES, DCO, nitrites, micropolluants biotransformables), toutefois lâeau sortant de ces ZRV reste de moins bonne qualitĂ© que lâeau ayant subi une Ă©tape de nitrification. Le rĂŽle des ZRV Ă©tudiĂ© Ă principalement consistĂ© en la rĂ©duction des flux polluants par lâinfiltration dans le sol. Contenant une fraction argileuse, le sol Ă©tudiĂ© a retenu 70 % des phosphates, 50 % de lâammonium, le lithium et le rubidium, certains micropolluants organiques (hormones, alkylphĂ©nols et pharmaceutiques, certains pesticides). Les concentrations de plusieurs mĂ©taux dissous (manganĂšse, uranium, vanadium, cadmium) ont augmentĂ© lors du passage de lâeau dans le sol ou proche de certaines zones plus contaminĂ©es (relargage par le sol). Le suivi expĂ©rimental a dĂ©terminĂ© des infiltrations moyennes infĂ©rieures Ă une dizaine de mm/h, diffĂ©renciĂ©es selon les endroits dans le sol, et maintenues au cours des trois ans de fonctionnement, ce qui sâexplique par un dĂ©veloppement racinaire en profondeur. Dans le cas dâarrivĂ©es accidentelles de matiĂšres en suspension dans les mois ayant suivi la plantation des vĂ©gĂ©taux, nous avons constatĂ© un faible dĂ©veloppement racinaire dans le sol, et donc Ă une moindre infiltration. Il est recommandĂ© de suivre la composition de lâeau du sol de façon Ă dĂ©terminer le moment oĂč les sites dâadsorption du sol sont saturĂ©s. La durĂ©e de lâĂ©tude ne permettait pas de se concentrer sur ce point. Concernant les ZRV « autres » Ă©tanchĂ©es et remplies de matĂ©riaux rĂ©actifs (adsorbants), le charbon actif en grain a confirmĂ© les trĂšs bonnes performances pour les orthophosphates, lâammonium, le COT, plusieurs mĂ©taux (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn, Pb, Se, U et V) et de nombreux micropolluants organiques (hormones, alkylphĂ©nols, pesticides, pharmaceutiques, perfluorĂ©s). Les ZRV garnies de zĂ©olite et dâargile expansĂ©e ont montrĂ© des performances intĂ©ressantes bien quâinfĂ©rieures Ă celles du charbon actif. La zĂ©olite a peu dâeffet sur les orthophosphates et lâammonium, et prĂ©sente mĂȘme des relargages aprĂšs 18 mois de fonctionnement. Lâargile expansĂ©e a retenu 40 % de phosphates et 20% de lâammonium. Ces matĂ©riaux ont adsorbĂ© certains mĂ©taux (zĂ©olite : Ba, Sr et U ; argile expansĂ©e : Cu, Fe, et Zn). Lâargile expansĂ©e a retenu partiellement plusieurs micropolluants organiques (hormones, pharmaceutiques, pesticides). Il est vivement recommandĂ© de suivre rĂ©guliĂšrement les performances de ces procĂ©dĂ©s, notamment pour dĂ©terminer lorsquâil est nĂ©cessaire de renouveler les matĂ©riaux rĂ©actifs
Model Checking Real-Time Systems
International audienceThis chapter surveys timed automata as a formalism for model checking real-time systems. We begin with introducing the model, as an extension of finite-state automata with real-valued variables for measuring time. We then present the main model-checking results in this framework, and give a hint about several recent extensions (namely weighted timed automata and timed games)