Cartographier la demande d'asile en France : tendances nationales, représentations départementales et réalités locales

Titre du fascicule : L'asile politique en Europe depuis l'entre-deux-guerresThis article puts forth a cartographic representation of requests for asylum in France based on analysis of data collected by the OFPRA (Office Français de Protection des Réfugiés et Apatrides : French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless People). The cartographic translation of spatial data relating to requests for asylum offers an initial geography of the requests for asylum in France, between zones of high density and lower density. It provides a presentation of national trends, examines how these are expressed throughout the departments and inquires about local realities. The first part of the article looks into the distribution of asylum requests among departments in 2003, then uses a dynamic approach to compare the medium (1993-2003) and short-terms (2002-2003) to point out year-to-year fluctuations. The second part contrasts requests for asylum with housing capacity, showing the disjunction between the two. Lastly, the article highlights the significance and the limits of cartographic representation of this phenomenon.Cet article propose un travail de représentation cartographique de la demande d'asile en France à partir du traitement des données de l'OFPRA. La traduction cartographique des données spatialisées relatives à la demande d'asile offre une première géographie de la demande d'asile en France, entre zones de forte densité et zones potentiellement moins chargées. Elle propose une première présentation des tendances nationales, revient sur leurs expressions départementales et interroge les réalités locales. La première partie s'intéresse à la distribution départementale des demandes d'asile en 2003, puis dans une approche dynamique en comparant temps moyen (1993-2003) et temps court (2002-2003), relevant ainsi les aléas des fluctuations inter-annuelles. La seconde partie de lﾒarticle croise la demande d'asile avec les capacités d'hébergement, elle montre ainsi la disjonction des deux données. Enfin, l'article met en relief la portée et les limites de la représentation cartographique du phénomène Version disponible sur Internet : [ http://remi.revues.org/document976.html

Cartographier la demande d’asile en France. Tendances nationales, représentations départementales et réalités locales

Cet article propose un travail de représentation cartographique de la demande d’asile en France à partir du traitement des données de l’OFPRA. La traduction cartographique des données spatialisées relatives à la demande d’asile offre une première géographie de la demande d’asile en France, entre zones de forte densité et zones potentiellement moins chargées. Elle propose une première présentation des tendances nationales, revient sur leurs expressions départementales et interroge les réalités locales. La première partie s’intéresse à la distribution départementale des demandes d’asile en 2003, puis dans une approche dynamique en comparant temps moyen (1993-2003) et temps court (2002-2003), relevant ainsi les aléas des fluctuations inter-annuelles. La seconde partie de l’article croise la demande d’asile avec les capacités d’hébergement, elle montre ainsi la disjonction des deux données. Enfin, l’article met en relief la portée et les limites de la représentation cartographique du phénomène.Mapping Out Requests for Asylum in France. National Trends, Departmental and Local Realities. This article puts forth a cartographic representation of requests for asylum in France based on analysis of data collected by the OFPRA (Office Français de Protection des Réfugiés et Apatrides : French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless People). The cartographic translation of spatial data relating to requests for asylum offers an initial geography of the requests for asylum in France, between zones of high density and lower density. It provides a presentation of national trends, examines how these are expressed throughout the departments and inquires about local realities. The first part of the article looks into the distribution of asylum requests among departments in 2003, then uses a dynamic approach to compare the medium (1993-2003) and short-terms (2002-2003) to point out year-to-year fluctuations. The second part contrasts requests for asylum with housing capacity, showing the disjunction between the two. Lastly, the article highlights the significance and the limits of cartographic representation of this phenomenon.Cartografiar la demanda de asilo en Francia. Tendencias nacionales, representaciones provinciales y realidades locales. Este artículo propone un trabajo de representación cartográfica sobre la demanda de asilo en Francia según el proceso de datos de la Delegación Francesa de Protección de Refugiados y Apátridas. La traducción cartográfica de los datos espacializados sobre la demanda de asilo en Francia muestra una primera representación geográfica entre zonas de fuerte demanda y zonas donde dicha demanda es menor. Propone una primera presentación de las tendencias nacionales, vuelve sobre sus expresiones provinciales y analiza las realidades locales. La primera parte se interesa por la distribución provincial de la demanda de asilo en el 2003, para luego, con un enfoque dinámico, comparar entre un intervalo medio (1993-2003) y uno corto (2002-2003), poniendo de relieve, de esta manera, los avatares de las fluctuaciones entre los años. La segunda parte del artículo cruza la demanda de asilo con las capacidades de alojamiento mostrando así la disyunción de los dos datos. Por último, el artículo pone de relieve el alcance y los límites de la representación cartográfica del fenómeno

Praxis and Gesture Recognition

International audienceMost of the developed societies are experiencing an aging trend of theirpopulation. Aging is correlated with cognitive impairment such as dementia and its mostcommon type: Alzheimer's disease. So, there is an urgent need to develop technological toolsto help doctors to do early and precise diagnoses of cognitive decline.Inability to correctly perform purposeful skilled movements with hands and other forelimbsmost commonly is associated with Alzheimer’s disease [1]. These patients have difficulty tocorrectly imitate hand gestures and mime tool use, e.g. pretend to brush one’s hair. Thesepatients make spatial and temporal error

Affectivity and Identity through psychosocial development. The Walloon state.

General approach of the psychosocial development in the course of life. Example of Walloon people (Belgium

Essai thérapeutique de phase II sur 37 cas de cancer bronchique non à petites cellules de stade IV par une chimiothérapie de type GIP (gemcitabine-ifosfamide-cisplatine)

POITIERS-BU Médecine pharmacie (861942103) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Le chirurgien-dentiste face aux impératifs comptables, fiscaux et sociaux

LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocLILLE2-UFR Odontologie (593502202) / SudocSudocFranceF

Cyclization Reaction Catalyzed by Cyclodipeptide Synthases Relies on a Conserved Tyrosine Residue

International audienceCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) form various cyclodipeptides from two aminoacyl tRNAs via a stepwise mechanism with the formation of a dipeptidyl enzyme intermediate. As a final step of the catalytic reaction, the dipeptidyl group undergoes intramolecular cyclization to generate the target cyclodipeptide product. In this work, we investigated the cyclization reaction in the cyclodipeptide synthase AlbC using QM/MM methods and free energy simulations. The results indicate that the catalytic Y202 residue is in its neutral protonated form, and thus, is not likely to serve as a general base during the reaction. We further demonstrate that the reaction relies on the conserved residue Y202 serving as a proton relay, and the direct proton transfer from the amino group to S37 of AlbC is unlikely. Calculations reveal that the hydroxyl group of tyrosine is more suitable for the proton transfer than hydroxyl groups of other amino acids, such as serine and threonine. Results also show that the residues E182, N40, Y178 and H203 maintain the correct conformation of the dipeptide needed for the cyclization reaction. The mechanism discovered in this work relies on the amino groups conserved among the entire CDPS family and, thus is expected to be universal among CDPSs. Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) are a family of enzymes that use aminoacyl-tRNAs (aa-tRNAs) to synthetize cyclodipeptides, which are precursors of many secondary metabolites with diverse biological functions 1,2. The first member of this family was identified in 2002 during characterization of the albonoursin biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces noursei and called AlbC 3. Three CDPSs are structurally characterized and all three share a common architecture, consisting of a monomer containing a Rossmann fold domain 4-7. The CDPSs display strong structural similarity to the catalytic domains of class Ic aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), suggesting that CDPSs evolved from the class Ic of aaRSs 1. However, there are several significant differences between CDPSs and class Ic aaRSs. The ATP-binding motifs present in aaRSs are not present in CDPSs, since there is no need to activate amino acids in CDPSs, and CDPSs are active as monomers in contrast to the TyrRS and TrpRS that function as homodimers. The catalytic mechanism has been extensively studied experimentally for the structurally characterized CDPSs, and a structure mimicking a reaction intermediate was obtained for AlbC 7. It was demonstrated that AlbC uses Phe-tRNA Phe and Leu-tRNA Leu (or a second Phe-tRNA Phe) as substrates for a ping-pong mechanism involving the formation of two successive acyl-enzyme intermediates 1. The catalytic reaction starts with the binding of the first aa-tRNA and the transfer of its aminoacyl moiety to a conserved serine residue leading to the formation of an aminoacyl enzyme intermediate. For the second step, the tRNA Phe part of the first substrate dissociates from AlbC and a second aa-tRNA binds to the enzyme. The phenylalanyl-AlbC reacts with the second aa-tRNA to form a dipeptidyl-AlbC intermediate. In the final step, the target cyclodipeptide is obtained through intramolecular cyclization. Residues important for the reaction in AlbC were identified through site-directed mutagenesis and chemical biology studies 5,7. These residues, apart from S37, the conserved residue that accepts the aminoacyl group, are Y202, Y178, E182, N40, and H203. The residues Y178 and E182 are involved in the stabilization of the aminoacyl moiety of the first substrate (named Phe1) throughout the catalytic cycle as suggested by the crystal structure of the diphenylalanyl-enzyme intermediate mimic 7. E182 was also suggested to act as a general catalytic base during the formation of the dipeptidyl-enzyme by deprotonating the ammonium group of the aminoacyl-enzyme

Motivation and Manipulation Capacities of the Blue and Yellow Macaw and the Tufted Capuchin: A Comparative Approach

International audienceThis study compared the motivation of the blue and yellow macaw (n = 8) and the tufted capuchin (n = 3) to manipulate objects that presented different features, their manipulative repertoires, and their ability to solve complex manipulation tasks. Results show that both species seem to be more motivated to manipulate objects that look like food items and that manipulative behavior may be considered as play behavior in the blue and yellow macaws, and would improve foraging motor skills. The tufted capuchins performed more different action styles than the macaws when manipulating objects, and performed substrate-use behavior - the object is put in relationship with a substrate - while the macaws did not. This is an interesting difference because these characteristics are supposed to be precursory of tool-use, behavior never observed in this macaw species. It may be due to the arboreal lifestyle of the macaw and its neophobic character that do not allow it to easily contact objects. Following the same method and using more individuals, further comparative studies should be conducted in order to test these hypotheses. Both species were able to solve complex manipulation tasks