87 research outputs found

    The Legal Empowerment of the Poor: Titling and Poverty Alleviation in Post-Apartheid South Africa

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    The U.N. Development Program created the Commission on the Legal Empowerment of the Poor to explore the relationship between more formal property rights and reducing poverty. Additionally, some countries are adopting policies designed to strengthen the local property environment, such as titling real property. This article, based on fieldwork, examines the effects of property titling programs in Langa Township, South Africa. This article finds that formalization by way of titling does provide some benefits to titleholders. However, the findings also suggests that formalizing property rights in an institutional environment that has other systemic weaknesses will not transform dead capital into living capital. The poor need more than a property title to break out of poverty. Legal empowerment will work best in an institutional environment that supports broad-based entrepreneurship and rule of law

    Synthesis of trehalose-based chemical tools for the study of the mycobacterial membrane

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    Corynebacteriales including the causative agent of many diseases such as tuberculosis are known to be extremely resistant against external stress as well as to antibiotic treatments which is believed to be related to the singular architecture of their mycomembrane. Over the last decades, both bioorthogonal chemical reporters and fluorescent probes for the metabolic labeling of bacterial cell glycans were developed including several trehalose-based probes to study the dynamics of mycomembrane components. This review presents an exhaustive view on the reported syntheses of trehalose-based probes enabling the study of the mycomembrane biogenesis

    SynthÚse stéréosélective de 2-aminobutan-1, 3, 4-triols anti (approches synthétiques de la(-)bulgécinine et de la sous-unité ribosyl-diazépanone des liposidomycines)

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    Une voie de synthÚse de 2-aminobutan-1,3,4-triols anti protégés de façon orthogonale a été développée. La stéréochimie a été contrÎlée par deux étapes clés : une hydrogénation asymétrique de -cétoesters en présence de catalyseurs chiraux du ruthénium suivie d'une amination électrophile diastéréosélective des -hydroxyesters résultants. Ces composés ont été utilisés comme intermédiaires de synthÚse, en particulier pour l'obtention de pyrrolidines fonctionnalisées précurseurs de la (+)- et de la (-)-bulgécinine. D'autre part, des analogues structuraux de la sous-unité ribosyl-diazépanone des liposidomycines ont été synthétisés par une voie convergente et diastéréosélective. La formation de la diazépanone a été effectuée par couplage entre un acide -aminé -hydroxylé dérivé du D-ribose et un aminoaldéhyde par une réaction d'amination réductrice suivie d'une macrolactamisationA synthetic route to orthogonally protected anti 2-aminobutan-1,3,4-triols was developed. Stereochemistry was controlled in two key steps : asymmetric hydrogenation of -ketoesters in the presence of chiral ruthenium catalysts was followed by diastereoselective electrophilic amination of the resulting -hydroxyesters. These compounds were used as synthetic intermediates, in particular to obtain functionalised pyrrolidine precursors of (+)- and (-)-bulgecinine. Structural analogues of the ribosyl-diazepanone sub-unit of the liposidomycines were synthesized by convergent diastereoselective route. The diazepanone was formed by coupling an -amino- -hydroxy acid derived from D-ribose with an aminoaldehyde by reductive amination followed by macrolactamisationVERSAILLES-BU Sciences et IUT (786462101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Highly selective Îł-alkoxylation, Îł-amination and Îł-alkylation of unbiased enals by means of photoredox catalysis

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    International audienceWe report herein a general and highly selective y- functionalization protocol under visible light irradiation. This mildradical approach enables to expand the scope of application to unbiased enals and to introduce a wide variety of alkoxy, amino and alkyl functionalities in the y position with complete regioselectivit

    Bien-ĂȘtre et mind-wandering : Une approche expĂ©rimentale

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    International audienceDorĂ©navant incontournable dans le management de nos organisations, le bien-ĂȘtre au travail fait l’objet depuis quelques dĂ©cennies de nombreuses Ă©tudes ralliant diverses disciplines de recherches telles que la psychologie, la philosophie ou la sociologie. Elles mettent en avant tantdes dimensions collectives, ou liĂ©s Ă  l’environnement de travail, que des dimensions individuelles (Bernard,2019). L’objet de cette communication est d’étayer la dimension individuelle par la comprĂ©hension du phĂ©nomĂšne de vagabondage de l’esprit, ou « mindwandering » et de ses consĂ©quences sur les comportements humains et notamment de ses consĂ©quences potentielles sur le bien-ĂȘtre des individus en entreprise. Un modĂšle expĂ©rimental veillant Ă  asseoir l’hypothĂšse du lien entre mind-wandering et bien-ĂȘtre au travail sera Ă©galement proposĂ©. Pour finir, un des objectifs majeurs de cette communication reste bien entendu de soumettre Ă  la critique par la communautĂ© scientifique un protocole expĂ©rimental particuliĂšrement rigoureux permettant de tester notre hypothĂšse. En effet, le coĂ»t expĂ©rimental Ă©tant particuliĂšrement important, la validation du protocole par les pairs semble indispensable

    Bien-ĂȘtre et mind-wandering : Une approche expĂ©rimentale

    No full text
    International audienceDorĂ©navant incontournable dans le management de nos organisations, le bien-ĂȘtre au travail fait l’objet depuis quelques dĂ©cennies de nombreuses Ă©tudes ralliant diverses disciplines de recherches telles que la psychologie, la philosophie ou la sociologie. Elles mettent en avant tantdes dimensions collectives, ou liĂ©s Ă  l’environnement de travail, que des dimensions individuelles (Bernard,2019). L’objet de cette communication est d’étayer la dimension individuelle par la comprĂ©hension du phĂ©nomĂšne de vagabondage de l’esprit, ou « mindwandering » et de ses consĂ©quences sur les comportements humains et notamment de ses consĂ©quences potentielles sur le bien-ĂȘtre des individus en entreprise. Un modĂšle expĂ©rimental veillant Ă  asseoir l’hypothĂšse du lien entre mind-wandering et bien-ĂȘtre au travail sera Ă©galement proposĂ©. Pour finir, un des objectifs majeurs de cette communication reste bien entendu de soumettre Ă  la critique par la communautĂ© scientifique un protocole expĂ©rimental particuliĂšrement rigoureux permettant de tester notre hypothĂšse. En effet, le coĂ»t expĂ©rimental Ă©tant particuliĂšrement important, la validation du protocole par les pairs semble indispensable

    Collisional effects in the blue wing of the Balmer-alpha line

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    International audienceIn order to investigate the near wing of the Lyman-α line, accurate line profile calculations and molecular data are both required due to the existence of a close line satellite responsible for its asymmetrical shape. Lyman-α lines observed with the Cosmic Origin Spectograph (COS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) show this peculiarity in the spectra of DBA and DA white dwarf stars. A similar asymmetrical shape in the blue wing can be predicted in the Balmer-α line of H perturbed by He and H atoms. In continuation with a very recent work on the Lyman-α line, where the n = 2 potential energies and transition dipole moments from the ground state were determined, we present new accurate H-He potential energies and electronic transition dipole moments involving the molecular states correlated with H(n=3)+He and their transition dipole moments with the states correlated with H(n=2)+He. Those new data and existing molecular data for H(n=2,3)-H are used to provide a theoretical investigation of the collisional effects in the blue wing of the Balmer-α line of H perturbed by He and H atoms. We note the consequences for the Balmer-α line shape in the physical conditions found in the cool atmosphere of DZA white dwarfs where helium densities may be as high as 10 21 cm −3. This study is undertaken with a unified theory of spectral line broadening valid at very high helium densities
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