53 research outputs found

    Prediction of responsibility for drivers and riders involved in injury road crashes

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    Responsibility analysis allows the evaluation of crash risk factors from crash data only, but requires a reliable responsibility assessment. The aim of the present study is to predict expert responsibility attribution (considered as a gold-standard) from explanatory variables available in crash data routinely recorded by the police, according to a data-driven process with explicit rules. Method: Driver responsibility was assessed by experts using all information contained in police reports for a sample of about 5000 injury crashes that occurred in France in 2011. Three statistical methods were used to predict expert responsibility attribution: logistic regression with L1 penalty, random forests, and boosting. Potential predictors of expert attribution referred to inappropriate driver actions and to external conditions at the time of the crash. Logistic regression was chosen to construct a score to assess responsibility for drivers and riders in crashes involving one or more motor vehicles, or involving a cyclist or pedestrian. Results: Cross-validation showed that our tool can predict expert responsibility assessments on new data sets. In addition, responsibility analyses performed using either the expert responsibility or our predicted responsibility return similar odds ratios. Our scoring process can then be used to reliably assess responsibility based on national police report databases, provided that they include the information needed to construct the score

    REPAS : Responsabilité estimée par apprentissage statistique - Rapport final

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    Responsibility analysis makes it possible to estimate crash risk factors from crash data only. One necessary condition to achieve this objective is to dispose of a reliable responsibility assessment. The aim of the present study was to predict expert responsibility attribution (considered as gold-standard) from crash data routinely recorded by the police. The final objective was to estimate driver responsibility in crashes according to a data-driven process with explicit rules. Driver responsibility was attributed by experts in the light of all information contained in the police reports, including accident diagrams and photographs for a sample of 5,000 injury crashes that occurred in France in 2011. This expert responsibility was transformed into a binary variable (1 if totally or rather responsible, 0 if totally or rather not responsible). Explanatory variables were found in the database which yearly includes computerized information from police reports for all of France. As potential predictors of expert attribution, we considered variables referring to inappropriate actions, such as driving the wrong way, speeding, failure to give way, making a half-turn or overtaking, etc. We also included as potential predictors some variables referring to external conditions at the time of the accident such as weather or road condition. As the set of explanatory variables could vary according to the type of accident, the three most frequent accident configurations were considered separately: (1) accident involving only motor vehicles, 2 or more; (2) accident involving a motor vehicle and a pedestrian or a cyclist; (3) accident involving only 1 motor vehicle. Three different statistical methods for each accident configuration were implemented to predict expert responsibility attribution: logistic regression with L1 penalty, random forests, and boosting. After cross-validation for logistic regression and boosting and out-of-bag estimation for random forests, the three statistical methods showed similar performance in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and reliability for accident configurations 1 and 2. We therefore chose logistic regression, which is suitable for predictions based on a risk/prediction score. The prediction score was also validated by estimating and comparing odds ratios (ORs) obtained for certain risk factors, using the predictions and expert responsibility assessments. The ORs for predictions and expert attributions were very close, except in case of high blood alcohol content, where they were lower using predictions. Based on expert decisions for a fairly large number of police accident reports, we constructed a score to assess responsibility for drivers and riders in accidents involving one or more motor vehicles, or involving a cyclist or pedestrian. The score could directly be applicable to French police data. The methodology could be adapted for other police data, and R scripts are available from the authors upon request. Further work is needed to validate this responsibility assessment, notably using similar police data such as those in the European CARE database.L'analyse de responsabilitĂ© permet d'estimer les facteurs de risque d'accident Ă  partir des donnĂ©es d'accident uniquement. Une condition nĂ©cessaire pour atteindre cet objectif est de disposer d'une Ă©valuation fiable de la responsabilitĂ©. L'objectif de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude Ă©tait de prĂ©dire l'attribution de la responsabilitĂ© des experts (considĂ©rĂ©e comme l'Ă©talon-or) Ă  partir des donnĂ©es d'accidents rĂ©guliĂšrement enregistrĂ©es par la police. L'objectif final Ă©tait d'estimer la responsabilitĂ© du conducteur en cas d'accident selon un processus guidĂ© par des donnĂ©es et des rĂšgles explicites. La responsabilitĂ© du conducteur a Ă©tĂ© attribuĂ©e par les experts Ă  la lumiĂšre de l'ensemble des informations contenues dans les rapports de police, y compris les schĂ©mas d'accidents et les photographies pour un Ă©chantillon de 5 000 accidents corporels survenus en France en 2011. Cette responsabilitĂ© d'expert a Ă©tĂ© transformĂ©e en variable binaire (1 si totalement ou plutĂŽt responsable, 0 si totalement ou plutĂŽt non responsable). Des variables explicatives ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©es dans la base de donnĂ©es qui inclut chaque annĂ©e des informations informatisĂ©es issues des rapports de police pour l'ensemble de la France. En tant que prĂ©dicteurs potentiels de l'attribution par des experts, nous avons pris en compte des variables se rĂ©fĂ©rant Ă  des actions inappropriĂ©es, telles que conduire dans le mauvais sens, excĂšs de vitesse, ne pas cĂ©der le passage, faire un demi-tour ou un dĂ©passement, etc. Nous avons Ă©galement inclus comme prĂ©dicteurs potentiels certaines variables se rapportant aux conditions externes au moment de l'accident, comme les conditions mĂ©tĂ©orologiques ou l'Ă©tat de la route. L'ensemble des variables explicatives pouvant varier selon le type d'accident, les trois configurations d'accident les plus frĂ©quentes ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©es sĂ©parĂ©ment : (1) accident impliquant uniquement des vĂ©hicules Ă  moteur, 2 ou plus ; (2) accident impliquant un vĂ©hicule Ă  moteur et un piĂ©ton ou un cycliste ; (3) accident impliquant un seul vĂ©hicule Ă  moteur. Trois mĂ©thodes statistiques diffĂ©rentes ont Ă©tĂ© mises en oeuvre pour chaque configuration d'accident afin de prĂ©dire l'attribution de la responsabilitĂ© des experts : rĂ©gression logistique avec pĂ©nalitĂ© L1, forĂȘts alĂ©atoires et boosting. AprĂšs validation croisĂ©e pour la rĂ©gression logistique et le boosting, et l'estimation "out-of-bag" pour les forĂȘts alĂ©atoires, les trois mĂ©thodes statistiques ont montrĂ© des performances similaires en termes de prĂ©cision, de sensibilitĂ©, de spĂ©cificitĂ© et de fiabilitĂ© pour les configurations 1 et 2 des accidents. Nous avons donc choisi la rĂ©gression logistique, qui convient aux prĂ©dictions basĂ©es sur un score risque/prĂ©vision. Le score de prĂ©diction a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© validĂ© en estimant et en comparant les odds-ratios (OR) obtenus pour certains facteurs de risque, en utilisant les prĂ©dictions et les Ă©valuations de responsabilitĂ© des experts. Les ORs pour les prĂ©dictions et les attributions d'experts Ă©taient trĂšs proches, sauf en cas d'alcoolĂ©mie Ă©levĂ©e, oĂč ils Ă©taient plus faibles en utilisant les prĂ©dictions. En nous fondant sur les dĂ©cisions d'experts d'un assez grand nombre de rapports d'accident de la police, nous avons Ă©tabli un score pour Ă©valuer la responsabilitĂ© des conducteurs et des conducteurs dans les accidents impliquant un ou plusieurs vĂ©hicules automobiles, un cycliste ou un piĂ©ton. Le score pourrait ĂȘtre directement applicable aux donnĂ©es des forces de l'ordre françaises. La mĂ©thodologie pourrait ĂȘtre adaptĂ©e Ă  d'autres donnĂ©es policiĂšres, et des scripts R sont disponibles sur demande auprĂšs des auteurs. Des travaux supplĂ©mentaires sont nĂ©cessaires pour valider cette Ă©valuation de la responsabilitĂ©, notamment en utilisant des donnĂ©es policiĂšres similaires telles que celles de la base de donnĂ©es europĂ©enne CARE

    Epigenetic remodelling of enhancers in response to estrogen deprivation and re-stimulation

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    Estrogen hormones are implicated in a majority of breast cancers and estrogen receptor alpha (ER), the main nuclear factor mediating estrogen signaling, orchestrates a complex molecular circuitry that is not yet fully elucidated. Here, we investigated genome-wide DNA methylation, histone acetylation and transcription after estradiol (E2) deprivation and re-stimulation to better characterize the ability of ER to coordinate gene regulation. We found that E2 deprivation mostly resulted in DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation in enhancers. Transcriptome analysis revealed that E2 deprivation leads to a global down-regulation in gene expression, and more specifically of TET2 demethylase that may be involved in the DNA hypermethylation following short-term E2 deprivation. Further enrichment analysis of transcription factor (TF) binding and motif occurrence highlights the importance of ER connection mainly with two partner TF families, AP-1 and FOX. Theseinteractions takeplace in the proximity of E2 deprivation-mediated differentially methylated and histone acetylated enhancers. Finally, while most deprivation-dependent epigenetic changes were reversed following E2 re-stimulation, DNA hypermethylation and H3K27 deacetylation at certain enhancers were partially retained. Overall, these results show that inactivation of ER mediates rapid and mostly reversible epigenetic changes at enhancers, and bring new insight into early events, which may ultimately lead to endocrine resistance.Institut National du Cancer (INCa, France, in part); European Commission (EC) Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) Translational Cancer Research (TRANSCAN) Framework; Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (France) (to Z.H.); Fonds National de la Recherche, Luxembourg [10100060 to A.S.]; IARC Fellowship (Marie Curie actions – People – COFUND to N.F.J., in part); PoSTDoctoral Fellowship of the Basque Government; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) (to L.V., V.Y., R.M.). Funding for open access charge: IARC regular budge

    Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2012 : Single vehicle accidents

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    The CARE database brings together the disaggregate details of road accidents and casualties across Europe, by combining the national accident databases that are maintained by all EU member states. Access to the CARE database is restricted, however, so it is important that a comprehensive range of publications based on these data be accessible to the general public. This process was begun in the SafetyNet project that was carried out between 2004 and 2008, and the concept of the Basic Fact Sheet (BFS) Basic Fact Sheets and Annual Statistical Report (ASR) was developed. By 2008, twelve Fact Sheets were being prepared annually by researchers at five institutes. This Fact Sheet presents an overview highlighting the main facts for Single vehicle accidents. Wherever possible, measures of risk are calculated by relating the number of fatalities from CARE to exposure data available from other sources. Most Fact Sheets examined trends over the period 2001-2010, with more detailed analyses of data from 2010

    Lung cancer risk in relation to jobs held in a nationwide case-control study in Iran

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    Background: Globally, lung cancer is the most frequent occupational cancer, but the risk associated with the occupations or occupational environment in Iran is not clear. We aimed to assess occupations with the risk of lung cancer. Methods: We used the IROPICAN nationwide case-control study data including 658 incident lung cancer cases and 3477 controls. We assessed the risk of lung cancer in relation to ever working in major groups of International Standard Classification of Occupations, high-risk occupations for lung cancer and duration of employment and lung cancer subtype among construction workers and farmers while controlling for cigarette smoking and opium consumption. We used unconditional regression logistic models to estimate ORs for the association between increased lung cancer risk and occupations. Results: We observed elevated ORs for lung cancer in male construction workers (OR=1.4; 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.8), petroleum industry workers (OR=3.2; 95% CI: 1.1 to 9.8), female farmers (OR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.3 to 5.3) and female bakers (OR=5.5; 95% CI: 1.0 to 29.8). A positive trend by the duration of employment was observed for male construction workers (p< 0.001). Increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma was observed in male construction workers (OR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.2 to 3.0) and female farmers (OR=4.3; 95% CI: 1.1 to 17.2), who also experienced an increased risk of adenocarcinoma (OR=3.8; 95% CI: 1.4 to 9.9). Discussion: Although we observed associations between some occupations and lung cancer consistent with the literature, further studies with larger samples focusing on exposures are needed to better understand the occupational lung cancer burden in Iran.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

    Lung Cancer Risks Associated with Occupational Exposure to Pairs of Five Lung Carcinogens: Results from a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies (SYNERGY)

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    BACKGROUND: While much research has been done to identify individual workplace lung carcinogens, little is known about joint effects on risk when workers are exposed to multiple agents. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the pairwise joint effects of occupational exposures to asbestos, respirable crystalline silica, metals (i.e., nickel, chromium-VI), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on lung cancer risk, overall and by major histologic subtype, while accounting for cigarette smoking.and the general environment. METHODS: In the international 14-center SYNERGY project, occupational exposures were assigned to 16,901 lung cancer cases and 20,965 control subjects using a quantitative job-exposure matrix (SYN-JEM). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed for ever vs. never exposure using logistic regression models stratified by sex and adjusted for study center, age, and smoking habits. Joint effects among pairs of agents were assessed on multiplicative and additive scales, the latter by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). RESULTS: All pairwise joint effects of lung carcinogens in men were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. However, asbestos/metals and metals/PAH resulted in less than additive effects; while the chromium-VI/silica pair showed marginally synergistic effect in relation to adenocarci-noma (RERI: 0.24; CI: 0.02, 0.46; p = 0.05). In women, several pairwise joint effects were observed for small cell lung cancer including exposure to PAH/silica (OR = 5.12; CI: 1.77, 8.48), and to asbestos/silica (OR = 4.32; CI: 1.35, 7.29), where exposure to PAH/silica resulted in a synergistic effect (RERI: 3.45; CI: 0.10, 6.8). DISCUSSION: Small or no deviation from additive or multiplicative effects was observed, but co-exposure to the selected lung carcinogens resulted generally in higher risk than exposure to individual agents, highlighting the importance to reduce and control exposure to carcinogens in workplaces

    L'exposition au bruit des avions augmente-t-elle la mortalité par maladie cardiovasculaire dans les communes riveraines des aéroports en France ?

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    Objectif : Depuis quelques annĂ©es, l'impact sur la santĂ© de l'exposition au bruit des avions fait l'objet de prĂ©occupations grandissantes. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude s'intĂ©resse Ă  la relation entre cette exposition et la mortalitĂ© par maladie cardiovasculaire, maladie cardiaque ischĂ©mique, infarctus du myocarde et accident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral.MĂ©thodes : Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une Ă©tude Ă©cologique basĂ©e sur 161 communes situĂ©es Ă  proximitĂ© de trois aĂ©roports français majeurs : Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Lyon Saint-ExupĂ©ry et Toulouse-Blagnac. Les donnĂ©es de mortalitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© transmises pour la pĂ©riode 2007-2010 par le Centre d'Ă©pidĂ©miologie sur les causes mĂ©dicales de dĂ©cĂšs de l'Institut national de la santĂ© et de la recherche mĂ©dicale (Inserm). L'exposition moyenne au bruit des avions pondĂ©rĂ©e par la population (LdenIME) a Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©e au niveau de chaque commune Ă  partir des cartes de bruit produites par la Direction GĂ©nĂ©rale de l'Aviation Civile. Un modĂšle de rĂ©gression de Poisson a Ă©tĂ© ajustĂ© en prenant en compte des facteurs de confusion potentiels, notamment la pollution de l'air.RĂ©sultats : Des associations positives significatives ont Ă©tĂ© obserÎes entre le LdenIME et la mortalitĂ© par maladie cardiovasculaire (ratio des taux de mortalitĂ© ajustĂ©s (MRR) pour une augmentation de 10 dBA du LdenIME = 1,18; intervalle de confiance Ă  95% : 1,11-1,25), la mortalitĂ© par maladie cardiaque ischĂ©mique (MRR = 1,24 (1,12-1,36)) et la mortalitĂ© par infarctus du myocarde (MRR = 1,28 (1,11-1,46)). Ces associations significatives ne sont pas attĂ©nuĂ©es par la prise en compte de la pollution de l'air. L'association avec la mortalitĂ© par accident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral n'est pas significative (MRR = 1,08 (0,97-1,21)).Conclusions : Cette Ă©tude Ă©cologique suggĂšre l'existence d'une association entre l'exposition au bruit des avions et la mortalitĂ© par maladie cardiovasculaire, maladie cardiaque ischĂ©mique et infarctus du myocarde. Cependant, des biais Ă©cologique et de confusion rĂ©siduels ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre exclus

    Association entre exposition au bruit des avions et mortalité par maladies de l'appareil circulatoire en France

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    Introduction : En France, peu d’études se sont intĂ©ressĂ©s aux effets du bruit des avions sur la santĂ©, et en particulier sur la mortalitĂ©. L’objectif de l’étude Ă©cologique du programme de recherche DEBATS (Discussion sur les Effets du Bruit des AĂ©ronefs Touchant la SantĂ©) est d’étudier l’association entre le niveau d’exposition au bruit des avions et le risque de mortalitĂ© par maladies de l’appareil circulatoire. MĂ©thodes : La zone d’étude comprend 161 communes riveraines de trois aĂ©roports français : Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle, Toulouse-Blagnac et Lyon-Saint-ExupĂ©ry. L’exposition moyenne au bruit des avions de chaque commune a Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©e Ă  partir des cartes de bruit produites par les aĂ©roports. Les donnĂ©es de mortalitĂ© par maladies de l’appareil circulatoire (CIM-10 : I00-I99) proviennent du CĂ©piDc de l’Inserm pour la pĂ©riode 2007-2010. Afin d’estimer le risque de mortalitĂ© par niveau d’exposition au bruit, un modĂšle de Poisson Ă  effets alĂ©atoires ajustĂ© sur l’ñge moyen de la population, le pourcentage de femmes, le niveau socio-Ă©conomique, le niveau de pollution, la densitĂ© de population et la zone gĂ©ographique de la commune a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©. RĂ©sultats : La mortalitĂ© par maladies de l’appareil circulatoire augmente significativement avec le niveau d’exposition au bruit : RR = 1,23 pour une augmentation de 10 dB(A), IC95% = (1,10 – 1,38) ; RR (>=60 dB(A) vs <45 dB(A)) = 2,01, IC95% = (1,48 – 2,74). Discussion : L’exposition au bruit des avions est associĂ©e Ă  la mortalitĂ© par maladies de l’appareil circulatoire. Les rĂ©sultats nĂ©cessitent cependant d’ĂȘtre confirmĂ© au niveau individuel par l’étude longitudinale de DEBATS qui est en cours
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