Functional and nutritional properties of chilli sauce: Propriedades funcionais e nutricionais do molho de pimenta

Pepper is a functional food due to is capsaicin or piperine, minerals, vitamins, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Peppers are classified according to their characteristics, such as stinging, color, size and flavor.  The consumption of peppers is related pungency sensation and to the benefits to human health, as they are a source of vitamins and have nutritional and antioxidant properties that can have a significant impact on diseases. Pepper crops present problems, as pests and irrigation, which are frequently reported. The objective of this work was to report the panorama of the chili pepper sauce production process, finding regarding beneficial on properties of pepper and discuss its several forms of sold, pepper cultivation and beneficial effects and disadvantage of pepper consume

Influence of the use of Renewable Compatibility Agent Wood Plastic Composite (WPC)

The growing interest in using recycled and natural materials in the application of new composites in recent years implies ecological, economic and versatility benefits. Wood plastic composite (WPC) are considered very attractive materials, as they allow the use of polymers of recycled or virgin origin, associated with forestry by-products. The present work aims to investigate the influence on the mechanical, thermal and morphological resistance of WPC, using oleic acid and glycerol as renewable coupling agents. Composites were also prepared with a commercial compatibility agent in its formulation - maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) - under the same conditions. The composites were prepared in a single-screw extruder, with fixed contents of 5% sawdust with 95% virgin polymer, of this total, 2% were coupling agents: MAPP, oleic acid or glycerol, according to the desired composition. To be evaluated as changes in mechanical properties, tensile and impact strength tests were performed on specimens obtained through the injection molding process. The fracture surfaces of specimens tested in tensile tests were examined using images generated by scanning electron microscopy. The thermal stability of the composites was also investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The use of glycerol and oleic acid improved the mechanical properties of the composite. An increase in tensile strength is observed when glycerol is added in composite. As for impact strength, the addition of glycerol or oleic acid was around 58% higher in impact strength when compared to without coupling agent. Glycerol and oleic acid are renewable, low-cost alternative to be a potential substitute for the commercial coupling agent MAPP, especially when the main requirement is to obtain better impact resistance properties

Síntese de ésteres etílicos catalisada pela adição direta de sólido fermentado de Rhizopus microsporus CBPQA 312-07 DRM em sistema livre de solventes

Orientadora : Profª Drª Nadia KriegerTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. Defesa: Curitiba, 31/10/2014Inclui referências : f. 123-140Resumo: A produção do biodiesel em escala industrial é realizada pela transesterificação alcalina em meio homogêneo utilizando alcóxidos metálicos como catalisadores e variando-se o tipo de óleo vegetal de acordo com a região. Neste processo é necessário utilizar óleo com baixo teor de ácidos graxos livres e baixo teor de umidade, o que limita o uso de matérias-primas de baixo custo. Por isto, novos processos têm sido estudados para possibilitar o uso de matérias-primas residuais, como a síntese enzimática de biodiesel tem sido exaustivamente investigada. No entanto, o desenvolvimento e a implantação do processo em escala industrial ainda são dificultados pelo elevado custo da enzima e baixa produtividade do processo enzimático. No presente trabalho, a fermentação em estado sólido (FES) foi utilizada para reduzir o custo das enzimas para a produção de biodiesel. Foram realizados cultivos de Rhizopus microsporus CBPQA 312-07 DRM usando bagaço de cana impregnado de solução nutriente enriquecida com ureia, oligoelementos e óleo de soja. Este sólido fermentado foi seco, caracterizado e utilizado diretamente para catalisar a síntese de biodiesel. Nos estudos de esterificação etílica em presença de n-heptano, conversões em éster de 98% foram obtidas em 4 h e a conversão se manteve após a reutilização do sólido por 23 vezes. Em sistema livre de solventes, o ácido oleico foi inicialmente utilizado como substrato para o estudo de esterificação etílica, onde foram obtidos 98% de conversão em 48 h, com adição de 20% (m/m) de peneira molecular ao meio de reação. Em seguida, foi realizado um delineamento fatorial 22 onde se investigou o efeito da temperatura e da razão molar dos substratos (ácido oleico e mistura de ácidos graxos da borra de soja - AGBS) na esterificação etílica. A reação otimizada, realizada nas condições de razão molar 10:1 (etanol: ácido graxo), a 40 ºC, atingiu conversões de 98% e de 86% em 48 h, para o ácido oleico e AGBS, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostram que foi possível produzir ésteres do biodiesel por esterificação num sistema livre de solventes, utilizando um catalisador produzido por FES a partir de bagaço de cana impregnado com solução nutriente. Essa estratégia minimiza os custos de produção das lipases para aplicação na produção de biodiesel. Palavras-chave: lipases, biodiesel, Rhizopus microsporus, fermentação em estado sólido, esterificação, sistema livre de solventes, síntese enzimática.Abstract: Industrially, biodiesel is produced by homogeneous alkaline transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol. An important disadvantage of the chemical route is the need to use refined feedstocks, which are costly. These disadvantages have prompted researchers to study the enzymatic route, which allows the use of less costly residual oils. However, the enzymatic route is currently not competitive, due to the high cost of the lipases. In the present work, solid-state fermentation was used to reduce the cost of the enzyme. Rhizopus microsporus CBPQA 312-07 DRM was cultivated on sugarcane bagasse that had been impregnated with a nutrient solution containing urea, mineral salts and soybean oil. The fermented solid produced in this process was dried, characterized and added directly to the reaction medium to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol. In the presence of n-heptane, conversions of 98% were obtained at 4 h and the fermented solid maintained this conversion in 23 consecutive batches. In solvent-free system with the addition of 20% (w/w) of molecular sieve, a conversion of 98% was obtained in 48 h. Two 22 factorial experiments were then carried out in solvent-free medium, one using oleic and one using soybean soapstock fatty acids (SSFA) as the fatty acid source. The variables studied were the reaction temperature and the molar ratio of ethanol to fatty acid. The optimum conditions were 40 ºC and a molar ratio of ethanol to fatty acid of 10:1, giving conversions at 48 h of 98% with oleic acid and 86% with SSFA. This work has shown that it is possible to obtain high yields of ethyl esters in a solventfree medium, using a lower cost fatty acid feedstock and a biological catalyst produced by solid-state fermentation of a nutrient-impregnated sugarcane bagasse. This strategy has the potential to reduce the cost of the enzymatic route for biodiesel production. Keywords: lipases, biodiesel, Rhizopus microsporus, solid-state fermentation, esterification, solvent free system, enzymatic synthesis

AVALIAÇÃO DE CARACTERÍSTICAS DE BIODIESEIS DE FONTES ALTERNATIVAS SUBMETIDOS A CONDIÇÕES DE ARMAZENAGEM DIFERENCIADA

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel obtained from different biomass sources and processes. Nowadays, this biofuel has gained importance due to environmental concerns and rising energy demand. In the biodiesel production chain, stability is a critical issue, as it is linked to the maintenance of its original properties. This work performed a study evaluating the influence of storage conditions on the quality aspects of biodiesel. Thus, different samples of biodiesel obtained from soybean and frying oils were produced and placed in containers made by plastic, glass and tin, and stored in presence or absence of an oxidative atmosphere, moisture and light. These samples were analyzed to evaluate the ester content, acidity, iodine value, kinematic viscosity and oxidative stability. The characterization with GC-MS and GC/FID were done aiming to determine the chemical composition. Blends with frying biodiesel into soybean biodiesel have also been produced in concentrations ranging from 1%, 5% and 10% (m/m) in order to evaluate the mixing effect. In the initial storage time, all tested parameters were in accordance to the legislation. Distinct behaviors were identified for each sample according to the container type, being the glass the most effective of them in maintenance of biodiesel characteristics

EVALUATION OF BIODIESEL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENTIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS

<p></p><p>Biodiesel is an alternative fuel obtained from different biomass sources and processes. Nowadays, this biofuel has gained importance due to environmental concerns and rising energy demand. In the biodiesel production chain, stability is a critical issue, as it is linked to the maintenance of its original properties. This work performed a study evaluating the influence of storage conditions on the quality aspects of biodiesel. Thus, different samples of biodiesel obtained from soybean and frying oils were produced and placed in containers made by plastic, glass and tin, and stored in presence or absence of an oxidative atmosphere, moisture and light. These samples were analyzed to evaluate the ester content, acidity, iodine value, kinematic viscosity and oxidative stability. The characterization with GC-MS and GC/FID were done aiming to determine the chemical composition. Blends with frying biodiesel into soybean biodiesel have also been produced in concentrations ranging from 1%, 5% and 10% (m/m) in order to evaluate the mixing effect. In the initial storage time, all tested parameters were in accordance to the legislation. Distinct behaviors were identified for each sample according to the container type, being the glass the most effective of them in maintenance of biodiesel characteristics.</p><p></p