Long-throated flumes and broad-crested weirs

Vital for water management are structures that can measure the flow in a wide variety of channels. Chapter 1 introduces the long-throated flume and the broad-crested weir; it explains why this family of structures can meet the boundary conditions and hydraulic demands of most measuring sites.Chapter 2 records the history of these structures. It describes how the hydraulic theory of flumes and weirs, and their design, developed separately. The chapter concludes by reporting recent attempts to develop a generally valid theory for any long-throated flume or broad-crested weir in any channel. The remainder of the thesis explains the steps taken to develop a procedure that yields the hydraulic dimensions and rating table of the appropriate weir or flume. The major steps cover the hydraulic theory of flow through control sections of different shapes and dimensions, the theory and procedure of estimating the head loss required for modular flow, the boundary conditions of the channel, and the demands placed on the structure regarding the range and accuracy of its flow measurements

Calibration of a semi-distributed hydrological model using discharge and remote sensing data

The objective of this study is to present an approach to calibrate a semi-distributed hydrological model using observed streamflow data and actual evapotranspiration time series estimates based on remote sensing data. First, daily actual evapotranspiration is estimated using available MODIS satellite data, routinely collected meteorological data, and applying the SEBS algorithm. Second, the semi-distributed hydrological model HBV is calibrated and validated using the estimated evapotranspiration and observed discharge. This is done for multiple sub-basins of the Karkheh River basin in Iran. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) is calculated for each sub-basin. Maximum and minimum NS values for the calibration using observed discharge are 0.81 and 0.23, respectively, and using estimated evapotranspiration 0.61 and 0.46, respectively. The comparison of model simulations with multiple observed variables increases the probability of selecting a parameter set that represents the actual hydrological situation of the basin. The new calibration approach can be useful for further applications, especially in data-sparse river basin

Теплофизические модели слоисто-неоднородных горных массивов

Стисло розглянуто математичні моделі процесів переносу тепла в шаруватонеоднорідних гірничих масивах. Запропоновано загальний метод моделювання теплопереносу в шаруватих системах різної геометрії. Знайдено рівняння «склеювання», за допомогою якого розглянуто асимптотичні випадки.Mathematical models of heat transfer in layered inhomogeneous rock media are summarized. A general method of modeling the heat transfer in layered systems of a different geometry is proposed. A “matching” equation for different asymptotic cases has been found

Distinct antigen uptake receptors route to the same storage compartments for cross-presentation in dendritic cells

An exclusive feature of dendritic cells (DCs) is their capacity to present exogenous antigens by MHC class I molecules, called cross-presentation. Here, we show that protein antigen can be conserved in mature murine DCs for several days in a lysosome-like storage compartment, distinct from MHC class II and early endosomal compartments, as an internal source for the supply of MHC class I ligands. Using two different uptake routes via Fc gamma receptors and C-type lectin receptors, we could show that antigens were routed towards the same endolysosomal compartments after 48 h. The antigen-containing compartments lacked co-expression of molecules involved in MHC class I processing and presentation including TAP and proteasome subunits as shown by single-cell imaging flow cytometry. Moreover, we observed the absence of cathepsin S but selective co-localization of active cathepsin X with protein antigen in the storage compartments. This indicates cathepsin S-independent antigen degradation and a novel but yet undefined role for cathepsin X in antigen processing and cross-presentation by DCs. In summary, our data suggest that these antigen-containing compartments in DCs can conserve protein antigens from different uptake routes and contribute to long-lasting antigen cross-presentation.Microscopic imaging and technolog