Precision non-implantable neuromodulation therapies : a perspective for the depressed brain

Current first-line treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) include pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. However, one-third of depressed patients do not achieve remission after multiple medication trials, and psychotherapy can be costly and time-consuming. Although nonimplantable neuromodulation (NIN) techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, and magnetic seizure therapy are gaining momentum for treating MDD, the efficacy of non-convulsive techniques is still modest, whereas use of convulsive modalities is limited by their cognitive side effects. In this context, we propose that NIN techniques could benefit from a precision-oriented approach. In this review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in implementing such a framework, focusing on enhancing NIN effects via a combination of individualized cognitive interventions, using closed-loop approaches, identifying multimodal biomarkers, using computer electric field modeling to guide targeting and quantify dosage, and using machine learning algorithms to integrate data collected at multiple biological levels and identify clinical responders. Though promising, this framework is currently limited, as previous studies have employed small samples and did not sufficiently explore pathophysiological mechanisms associated with NIN response and side effects. Moreover, cost-effectiveness analyses have not been performed. Nevertheless, further advancements in clinical trials of NIN could shift the field toward a more ‘‘precision-oriented’’ practice

Transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatric disorders

The interest in non-invasive brain stimulation techniques is increasing in recent years. Among these techniques, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been the subject of great interest among researchers because of its easiness to use, low cost, benign profile of side effects and encouraging results of research in the field. This interest has generated several studies and randomized clinical trials, particularly in psychiatry. In this review, we provide a summary of the development of the technique and its mechanism of action as well as a review of the methodological aspects of randomized clinical trials in psychiatry, including studies in affective disorders, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, child psychiatry and substance use disorder. Finally, we provide an overview of tDCS use in cognitive enhancement as well as a discussion regarding its clinical use and regulatory and ethical issues. Although many promising results regarding tDCS efficacy were described, the total number of studies is still low, highlighting the need of further studies aiming to replicate these findings in larger samples as to provide a definite picture regarding tDCS efficacy in psychiatry

Relationship between components of depressive symptoms and heart rate variability

INTRODUÇÃO: O transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) está associado à doença cardiovascular (DCV), possivelmente por alterações no sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA), dentre outros mecanismos. Um dos marcadores de atividade do SNA mais estudados na literatura é a variabilidade de frequência cardíaca (VFC), um índice de variação entre batimentos cardíacos. VFC elevada é sinal de um SNA saudável, enquanto VFC diminuída reflete inflexibilidade autonômica. Alguns estudos têm relatado uma relação entre o TDM e VFC reduzida, enquanto outros não confirmaram esses achados. Além de fatores de confusão, uma possível explicação para esta inconsistência é a complexidade da síndrome depressiva, composta por sintomas de vários domínios. Logo, alguns sintomas podem estar associados com VFC reduzida, enquanto outros portam nenhuma associação. Consequentemente, quando todos os sintomas são avaliados simultaneamente, as associações de sintomas depressivos específicos com VFC não seriam identificadas. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre VFC e componentes de sintomas depressivos a partir de dados de estudo previamente realizado na Universidade de São Paulo, entre 2010 e 2011. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo, foram analisados dados de 120 pacientes com TDM, com baixo risco de DCV, coletados na avaliação basal de um ensaio clínico duplo-cego e randomizado, avaliando o uso da estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua versus cloridrato de sertralina para tratar o TDM. Para avaliação da gravidade do TDM, foram utilizadas a Escala de Depressão de Hamilton (HAM-D-17), a Escala de Depressão de MontgomeryÅsberg (MADRS) e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck-IA (BDI-IA). Os componentes de sintomas depressivos foram extraídos de cada escala através de análise de componentes principais. Para avaliar a VFC, foram utilizados 4 parâmetros: a raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças entre intervalos R-R normais adjacentes (RMSSD, ou root mean square of successive differences), alta frequência (HF, ou high frequency), baixa frequência (LF, ou low frequency) e baixa frequência/alta frequência (LF/HF, ou low frequency/high frequency), computados a partir de segmento de eletrocardiograma de 15 minutos de duração, em repouso. Para investigar a associação dos 4 parâmetros de VFC com os componentes de sintomas depressivos de cada escala, construíram-se equações de regressão linear múltipla, incluindo em cada equação um parâmetro de VFC como variável dependente e os componentes de sintomas depressivos das três escalas como variáveis independentes. O modelo foi ajustado para idade e gênero. Utilizouse o procedimento stepwise backward para atingir o modelo final, mantendo-se variáveis com p < 0,10. RESULTADOS: Baseando-se em análise de scree plot, foram extraídos 6 componentes da HAM-D-17, 2 da MADRS e 3 da BDI-IA. Após controle para idade e gênero, a análise por regressão linear múltipla revelou que o componente 4 da HAM-D-17 (humor depressivo, sentimentos de culpa, suicídio e trabalho e atividades) foi preditor de LF/HF e o componente 2 da MADRS (dificuldades de concentração, lassidão, incapacidade para sentir e pensamentos pessimistas) foi preditor de LF. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo corroboram a hipótese que a presença de certos componentes de sintomas depressivos, mas não todos, estão associados com mudanças na VFC. Não houve correção de significância estatística para múltiplas comparações, devendo este estudo ser considerado de natureza exploratóriaINTRODUCTION: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), possibly due to impairments in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), among other mechanisms. One of the most studied markers of ANS activity is heart rate variability (HRV), an index of beat-to-beat variations in heart rate. High HRV is an indicator of a healthy ANS, while low HRV denotes autonomic inflexibility. Some studies have reported a relationship between MDD and low HRV, while others have not confirmed such findings. A possible explanation for this inconsistency is the complexity of the depressive syndrome, which is composed by symptoms from various domains. Therefore, some symptoms might be associated with low HRV, while others bear no association. Consequently, when all symptoms are evaluated simultaneously, the association of HRV with specific depressive symptoms might go unnoticed. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between HRV and components of depressive symptoms, using data of a previous study done in the University of São Paulo, between 2010 and 2011. METHODS: In this study, data from 120 patients with MDD and low risk for CVD was assessed at the baseline of a randomized, controlled clinical trial, performed to evaluate the use of transcranial direct current stimulation versus sertraline chloridrate in in the treatment of MDD. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17), the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Beck Depression Inventory-IA (BDI-IA) were used to assess depressive symptoms. The components of depressive symptoms were extracted from each scale by principal component analysis. For the evaluation of HRV, the following 4 parameters were used: root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF). These parameters were computed through a 15-minute electrocardiogram at rest. For the investigation of the association between the 4 HRV parameters and the components of depressive symptoms of each scale, multiple linear regression equations were built, including in each equation a parameter of HRV as the dependent variable and the components of depressive symptoms from the three scales as the independent variables. The model was adjusted for age and gender. A stepwise backward procedure was used to attain the final model, and only variables with p < 0.10 were kept. RESULTS: Based on scree plot analyses, HAM-D-17 yielded 6 components, MADRS 2 components and BDI-IA, 3 components. After adjusting for age and gender, multiple linear regression analyses revealed that LF/HF was predicted by HAM-D-17 Component 4 (depressed mood, feelings of guilt, suicidal thoughts and work and activities) and LF was predicted by MADRS Component 2 (concentration difficulties, lassitude, inability to feel and pessimistic thoughts). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the hypothesis that certain components of depressive symptoms, and not all of them, are associated with a change in HRV. There was no correction of statistical significance for multiple comparisons, and this study should be considered of exploratory natur

Primum non nocere or primum facere meliorem? Hacking the brain in the 21st century

Abstract Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that modulates cortical excitability. It is devoid of serious adverse events and exerts variable effects on cognition, with several research findings suggesting that it can improve memory, verbal and mathematical skills. Because tDCS devices are low-cost, portable and relatively easy to assemble, they have become available outside of the medical setting and used for non-medical (“cosmetic”) purposes by laypersons. In this sense, tDCS has become a popular technique aiming to improve cognition and the achievement of a better performance not only at work, but also in other fields such as sports, leisure activities (video games) and even the military. In spite of these unforeseen developments, there has been a general paralysis of the medical and regulatory agencies to develop guidelines for the use of tDCS for cosmetic purposes. Several challenges are present, most importantly, how to restrict tDCS use outside of the medical setting in face of variable and sometimes conflicting results from scientific research. This article aims to describe the popular use of tDCS, in light of the pillars of neuroethics, a branch of bioethics relative to brain research. Between two possible but extreme solutions – total release or total restriction of tDCS – it is paramount to develop a spectrum of alternatives, which may vary over time and in different cultural backgrounds

The Escitalopram versus Electric Current Therapy for Treating Depression Clinical Study (ELECT-TDCS): rationale and study design of a non-inferiority, triple-arm, placebo-controlled clinical trial

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric condition, mostly treated with antidepressant drugs, which are limited due to refractoriness and adverse effects. We describe the study rationale and design of ELECT-TDCS (Escitalopram versus Electric Current Therapy for Treating Depression Clinical Study), which is investigating a non-pharmacological treatment known as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).DESIGN AND SETTING: Phase-III, randomized, non-inferiority, triple-arm, placebo-controlled study, ongoing in São Paulo, Brazil.METHODS: ELECT-TDCS compares the efficacy of active tDCS/placebo pill, sham tDCS/escitalopram 20 mg/day and sham tDCS/placebo pill, for ten weeks, randomizing 240 patients in a 3:3:2 ratio, respectively. Our primary aim is to show that tDCS is not inferior to escitalopram with a non-inferiority margin of at least 50% of the escitalopram effect, in relation to placebo. As secondary aims, we investigate several biomarkers such as genetic polymorphisms, neurotrophin serum markers, motor cortical excitability, heart rate variability and neuroimaging.RESULTS: Proving that tDCS is similarly effective to antidepressants would have a tremendous impact on clinical psychiatry, since tDCS is virtually devoid of adverse effects. Its ease of use, portability and low price are further compelling characteristics for its use in primary and secondary healthcare. Multimodal investigation of biomarkers will also contribute towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of action of tDCS.CONCLUSION: Our results have the potential to introduce a novel technique to the therapeutic arsenal of treatments for depression

A study protocol for an ongoing multi-arm, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial with digital features, using portable transcranial electrical stimulation and internet-based behavioral therapy for major depression disorders : the PSYLECT study

Background Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is considered effective and safe for depression, albeit modestly, and prone to logistical burdens when performed in external facilities. Investigation of portable tES (ptES), and potentiation of ptES with remote psychological interventions have shown positive, but preliminary, results. Research design We report the rationale and design of an ongoing multi-arm, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial with digital features, using ptES and internet-based behavioral therapy (iBT) for major depressive disorder (MDD) (NCT04889976). Methods We will evaluate the efficacy, safety, tolerability and usability of (1) active ptES + active iBT ('double-active'), (2) active ptES + sham iBT ('ptES-only'), and (3) sham ptES + sham iBT ('double-sham'), in adults with MDD, with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - 17 item version (HDRS-17) score >= 17 at baseline, during 6 weeks. Antidepressants are allowed in stable doses during the trial. Results We primarily co-hypothesize changes in HDRS-17 will be greater in (1) 'double-active' compared to 'ptES-only,' (2) 'double-active' compared to 'double-sham,' and (3) 'ptES-only' compared to 'double-sham.' We aim to enroll 210 patients (70 per arm). Conclusions Our results should offer new insights regarding the efficacy and scalability of combined ptES and iBT for MDD, in digital mental health