183 research outputs found
Π―ΠΠ«ΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ
The article deals with the sociolinguistic situation and language policy in Nigeria, which is very complex because English is official language but there are also more than 500 local languages. Pidgin English is considered to be a means of inter-ethnic communication.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°: Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ 250 ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° 521 ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²
Polymer Nanocomposites Exploited Under The Arctic Conditions
Several technologies of the preparation of nanocomposites based on ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene were developed. The first technology is based on mechanical activation of layered silicates with surfactant before addition into polymer matrix. The second technology represents mixing of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene with nanoparticles by joint mechanical activation in a planetary mill. The third technology is based on mixing of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene with nanoparticles in liquid media under continuous ultrasonic treatment. Common features of these technologies are reaching of filler uniform distribution in a polymer matrix and significant improvement in the mechanical properties. Also, supramolecular structure of the composites was studied
ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°
The World Englishes Paradigm studies various aspects of the English language characterized by specific peculiarities and changing as a result of contacts with indigenous languages and cultures. The history of English in Nigeria embraces 500 years of an interaction between highly different cultural systems and civilizations. Language contacts between English and the indigenous languages of Nigeria have led to its linguistic, cultural and intrastructural diversity. The aim of this article is to analyse the gastronomic vocabulary of Nigerian English influenced by the Nigerian worldview and culture. The research is focused on borrowings from African languages (mainly Yoruba and Igbo) that play a vital role in forming the culturally important lexicon of Nigerian English. The sources of the research material are dictionaries, as well as books by Nigerian writers composed in English. The analysis carried out in the course of the research allowed us to discover secondary nominations that denote Nigerian flora and cuisine, to reveal their metaphorical usage and to study corresponding figurative comparisons, idioms, proverbs and sayings. The investigation of gastronomic symbols in Nigerian speech shows universal processes of employing common gastronomic lexical units from real-life discourse as a basis for symbolization. The results of the study show that the gastronomic vocabulary and the images it creates constitute one of the most impressive Nigerian cultural codes. The knowledge of this vocabulary is instrumental in understanding those codes.ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠ° Β«ΠΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Β» (World Englishes Paradigm) ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ 500 Π»Π΅Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π―Π·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠ΅Π² Π½Π° ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. Π ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ - Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² (Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΉΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³Π±ΠΎ), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π². ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΡΡ
Π½Ρ, ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΡΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
Metal Films as Mass Standard Samples in the Nano-Gram Range
Attestation of magnetron sputtered films as mass standards is presented. Homogeneous, long-lived
metal films were measured by different methods for comparison. The accuracy of the order 1 ng was found
to be provided by application of the metal film standards for element analysis by X-ray fluorescent method.
Keywords: Thin Films, Nano-Standards, Magnetron Sputtering, X-ray Reflectometry, X-ray Fluorescent
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3516
Geometric morphometry as a new method of differentiation of intrabreed types in horse breeding
Assessment of type severity and exterior correctness is a necessary breeding measure in breeding work with breeds. Traditionally assessed features demonstrate subjectivism. The assessment of the type severity and the exterior correctness was initially based on the opinion of experts on whether the animal corresponds to a certain type of breed or not. The new method of geometric morphometry, based on comparing objects by their shape without considering differences in size, is of undoubted interest for research aimed at studying the physique features of horses of various intrabreed and breeder types. The key task of the geometric morphometry method is to evaluate the distinctive features of objects in shape, excluding the influence of their differences in size. It is based on the concept of a multidimensional space of forms. The article presents the results of testing the application of the geometric morphometry method for the differentiation of intrabreed horse types of purebred Arabian and performance horse breeds. It is revealed that geometric morphometry within the framework of a theoretical approach can be used as an additional tool to traditional methods of assessing the phenotypic characteristics of horses of various intrabreed types
Structural-phase changes in thin films and surface layers of Ti41.5Zr41.5Ni17 alloy, stimulated by radiation-thermal impact of hydrogen plasma
X-ray diffraction and SEM microscopy were used to study structural and phase changes in the surface layers of a Ti41.5Zr41.5Ni17 alloy bulk sample (target) and a thin film (deposited by magnetron sputtering of the target) under radiation-thermal action of pulsed hydrogen plasma with a thermal load of 0.6 MJ/mΒ² in QSPA Kh-50 installation. It is established that the irradiation results in the formation of a two-phase state: the icosahedral quasicrystalline phase together with the phase of the 1/1 approximant crystal (W-phase). As a result of isothermal (550Β°C) annealing, the content of the quasicrystalline phase increases.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠ²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ° SEM-ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ° (ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ) ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Ρ Ti41.5Zr41.5Ni17 Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡ Π· ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ 0,6 MΠΠΆ/ΠΌΒ² Π½Π° ΠΠ‘ΠΠ Π₯-50. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½: ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π· ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π°-Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠ° 1/1 (W-ΡΠ°Π·Π°). Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (550Β°C) Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠ°Π»Ρ Π·ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ SEM-ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° (ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ) ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π° Ti41.5Zr41.5Ni17 ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ 0,6 MΠΠΆ/ΠΌΒ² Π½Π° ΠΠ‘ΠΠ£ Π₯-50. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅: ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»Π°-Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠ° 1/1 (W-ΡΠ°Π·Π°). Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (550Β°C) ΠΎΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ
Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ
The article examines the sociolinguistic situation in Nigeria, a major West African country distinguished by a highly diverse ethnic composition of the population and, accordingly, a complex linguistic situation-a country where English is the official language, yet where local autochthonous languages are used alongside it. Pidgin English, which is a means of interethnic communication, has become widespread in Nigeria.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ - ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ½-ΠΈΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
The English Language in the multilingual Nigerian Context
The paper addresses the language issue in Nigeria by exploring the unifying significance of the English language in the country. In multilingual societies like Nigeria, English is an effective instrument for national development and the promotion of national identity. Writing in English by Nigerian literary artists has created a distinctive unique Nigerian prose fiction marked by its own characteristics having traits of inter-cultural communication, with local peculiarities and cultural nuances, reflecting culture-specific concepts
Π―ΠΠ«ΠΠΠΠΠ― Π‘ΠΠ’Π£ΠΠ¦ΠΠ― Π Π―ΠΠ«ΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ
The article deals with the language situation and language policy in Nigeria which is one of the most polyethnic African states. Sociolinguistic situation in the country is very complex because there are more than 250 ethnic groups in Nigeria which speak 521 languages. English is the official language in the country and serves Nigerian peoplesβ way of life. There are discussions about the development of local indigenous languages in a very complicated ethnic and political situation in Nigeria. The English language in Nigeria interacts with numerous indigenous languages and Nigerian Pidgin English. Nigerian Pidgin Eng-lish is a marker of identity and solidarity between the various ethnic groups. There is polarization of com-municative functions of English and Nigerian Pidgin. English has official functions and is on a higher social level and Nigerian Pidgin is on a lower social level and has everyday functions. English plays a major role in introducing Nigerians to modern knowledge, creating new types of thinking and contributing to the development of national self-awareness.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° - ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ 250 ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° 521 ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ Π² ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ½-ΠΈΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ½-ΠΈΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅, Π° Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠ΅Π² ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
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