« Le réveil des femmes »

Au cours de ces dernières années, un intérêt accru s’est manifesté au Maroc pour la femme en milieu rural, avec une prise de conscience de plus en plus soutenue pour sa participation et son intégration dans les différents projets de développement. Avec ce travail, nous voulons examiner le cas du village Hassilabiad, dans la région de Merzouga (Errachidia). Il s’agit d’un cas intéressant dans l’étude de l’organisation territoriale de la part d’une communauté locale. En 1998, certains intellectuels ont fondé une association pour la réalisation et le développement de projets locaux qui auraient comme acteurs principaux les habitants du village, et les femmes en particulier. Nous chercherons à voir comment un discours théorique externe, tel que celui des ONG, est devenu une partie de la réalité locale et a contribué à changer certains aspects des rapports de genre à l’intérieur de la société. Pour comprendre cet aspect nous nous sommes adressées aux représentants de l’association AHT et à environ une centaine des femmes ayant fréquenté régulièrement cette organisation.In recent years, there has been increased interest in Morocco for the situation of women in rural areas, along with an awareness of the importance of their patticipation in development projects. Our work investigates the case of the village of Hassilabiad. It is an interesting case for the territorial organisation of the local community, because in 1998 sorne intellectuals founded an association to carry out local development projects which involved the inhabitants, and patticularly women. A theoretical discourse from the outside (that of the NGOs) has become patt of the local reality and has contributed to a change in gender relations, in ways we have tried ta trace by interviewing representatives of the association and approximately one hundred women who were involved with if

Venice is not sinking : il turismo a Venezia tra immagine globale e nuovo marketing territoriale

Peer reviewe

Tourisme in fragile contexts: between human development and environmental degradation

Peer reviewe

Impact of Candida albicans hyphal wall protein 1 (HWP1) genotype on biofilm production and fungal susceptibility to microglial cells

The hyphal wall protein 1 (HWP1) gene of Candida albicans encodes for a fungal cell wall protein, required for hyphal development and yeast adhesion to epithelial cells; yet, its role in pathogenesis remains largely unknown. In the present study, we analyzed two C. albicans laboratory strains, the DAY286 (HWP1/HWP1) and the null mutant FJS24 (hwp1/hwp1) and six clinical isolates [3 harbouring the homozygous HWP1 gene (HWP1/HWP1) and 3 the heterologous gene (HWP1/hwp1)]. Biofilm production, fungal HWP1 mRNA levels and ultrastructural morphology were investigated; also, the susceptibility of these strains to microglial cells was evaluated, in terms of fungal damage and immune cell-mediated secretory response. When comparing the two laboratory strains, biofilm was produced to a similar extent independently on the genetic background, while the susceptibility to microglial cell-mediated damage was higher in the hwp1/hwp1 mutant than in the HWP1/HWP1 counterpart. Also, transmission electron microscopy revealed differences between the two in terms of abundance in surface adhesin-like structures, fungal cell wall shape and intracellular granules. When comparing the clinical isolates grouped according to their HWP1 genotype, reduced biofilm production and increased susceptibility to microglial cell-mediated damage occurred in the HWP1/hwp1 isolates with respect to the HWP1/HWP1 counterparts; furthermore, upon exposure to microglial cells, the HWP1/HWP1 isolates, but not the HWP1/hwp1 counterpart, showed enhanced HWP1 mRNA levels. Finally, both laboratory and clinical isolates exhibited reduced ability to stimulate TNFα and nitric oxide production by microglial cells in the case of heterozygous or null mutant HWP1 genotype. Overall, these data indicate that C. albicans HWP1 genotype influences pathogen morphological structure as well as its interaction with microglial cells, while fungal biofilm production results unaffected, thus arguing on its role as virulence factor that directly affects host mediated defences

Early versus delayed antiretroviral therapy based on genotypic resistance test: Results from a large retrospective cohort study

Rapid start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) pending genotypic resistance test (GRT) has been recently proposed, but the effectiveness of this strategy is still debated. The rate of virological success (VS), defined as HIV-RNA\u2009<\u200950 copies/ml, with and without GRT was compared in drug-na\uefve individuals enrolled in the Italian ARCA cohort who started ART between 2015 and 2018. 521 individuals started ART: 397 without GRT (pre-GRT group) and 124 following GRT (post-GRT group). Overall, 398 (76%) were males and 30 (6%) were diagnosed with AIDS. In the pre-GRT group, baseline CD4+\u2009cell counts were lower (p\u2009<\u20090.001), and viral load was higher (p\u2009<\u20090.001) than in the post-GRT group. The estimated probability of VS in pre-GRT versus post-GRT group was 72.54% (CI95 : 67.78-76.60) versus 66.94% (CI95 : 57.53-74.26) at Week 24 and 92.40% (CI95 : 89.26-94.62) versus 92.92% (CI95 : 86.35-96.33) at Week 48, respectively (p\u2009=\u20090.434). At Week 48, VS was less frequent among individuals with baseline CD4+\u2009cell counts <200 versus >500 (90.33% vs. 97.33%), log viral load <5.00 versus >5.70 log10 cps/ml (97.17% vs 78.16%; p\u2009<\u20090.001), and those treated with protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors versus those treated with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (p\u2009<\u20090.001). The rate of VS does not seem to be affected by an early ART initiation pending GRT results, but it could be influenced by the composition of the ART regimen, as well as immuno-virological parameters

IL-9 and Mast Cells Are Key Players of Candida albicans Commensalism and Pathogenesis in the Gut

Summary: Candida albicans is implicated in intestinal diseases. Identifying host signatures that discriminate between the pathogenic versus commensal nature of this human commensal is clinically relevant. In the present study, we identify IL-9 and mast cells (MCs) as key players of Candida commensalism and pathogenicity. By inducing TGF-β in stromal MCs, IL-9 pivotally contributes to mucosal immune tolerance via the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme. However, Candida-driven IL-9 and mucosal MCs also contribute to barrier function loss, dissemination, and inflammation in experimental leaky gut models and are upregulated in patients with celiac disease. Inflammatory dysbiosis occurs with IL-9 and MC deficiency, indicating that the activity of IL-9 and MCs may go beyond host immunity to include regulation of the microbiota. Thus, the output of the IL-9/MC axis is highly contextual during Candida colonization and reveals how host immunity and the microbiota finely tune Candida behavior in the gut. : Deciphering the mechanisms by which Candida albicans promotes either pathology or protective tolerance in the gut could be clinically relevant. Renga et al. show a key role for IL-9 and mast cells in promoting either inflammatory dysbiosis and pathology or tolerance in leaky gut models and human celiac disease. Keywords: IL-9, mast cells, Candida albicans, intestinal inflammation, IDO1, celiac diseas

Tourisme et patrimoine récent à Casablanca

Casablanca, ville construite presque entièrement dans le courant du XXème siècle par le Protectorat français, a fait l’objet d’une quantité importante d’études historiques, urbanistiques et architecturales. Mais cette ville n’a que rarement été abordée du point de vue touristique. Dans le but de présenter un état des lieux de la mise en tourisme de Casablanca et de l’intégration du patrimoine architectural récent dans ce processus, ce travail de mémoire propose d’identifier l’image touristique actuelle de Casablanca. Aussi, deux acteurs principaux du développement touristique seront considérés, à savoir Casamémoire, association locale de sauvegarde du patrimoine récent et le Conseil régional du Tourisme, chargé de la promotion touristique de la ville. De plus, la prise en compte de quatre guides de voyage fréquemment utilisés permettra de vérifier l’image qui est diffusée aux potentiels visiteurs et la place occupée par le patrimoine récent dans la présentation de la ville

« Et le bronzage de tes fesses dessine un coeur »: Réflexions sur les expériences lesbiennes des plages

International audienceThis paper builds on the literature in social sciences (in particular in geography) regarding the gays' visibility and processes of territorialization in relation to coastal recreative space (beaches), to focus on the experience of those who identify themselves as lesbian. It questions the lesbian sexual and gender identity in relation to space and in particular to the access to the public space, focusing on the analysis of the link between sexual and gender norms, in relation to leisure practices. The interviews indicated the internalization of the practices and behaviors that are typical of women's experience of public space. The lesbians interviewed declare not to consider the beach as a safe space. Although the lesbian experience of the beach is influenced by the internalization of gender norms, the weight of socialization can be counterbalanced by the political positioning of each person. The paper shows that the lesbians' experience of the beach involves specific issues that are linked to their belonging to a minority group, not only in quantitative but also in political terms : the lesbians' experience of the beach brings back to the social construction of their sexuality.Cet article part des acquis des recherches en sciences sociales (et en particulier en géographie) sur la visibilité et les processus de territorialisation des gays dans l’espace public littoral (les plages) pour se focaliser sur l’expérience des personnes s'identifiant comme lesbiennes. Il questionne l’identité sexuelle et de genre en lien avec l’espace et plus particulièrement l'accès à l'espace public, en se concentrant sur l’analyse du rapport entre normes sexuelles et normes de genre, dans le cadre des pratiques de loisirs. Les entretiens menés montrent l’intériorisation des pratiques et des comportements qui caractérisent l’expérience des femmes dans les espaces publics. Les lesbiennes interviewées déclarent ne pas concevoir la plage comme un espace « safe ». Bien que l’expérience lesbienne de la plage est influencée par l’intériorisation des normes de genre, le poids de la socialisation peut être contrebalancé par le positionnement politique de chaque personne. L'article montre qu'il existe des enjeux spécifiques à l'expérience que les lesbiennes ont de la plage, liés à leur appartenance à un groupe minoritaire, non pas seulement au sens quantitatif, mais au sens politique : l'expérience lesbienne de la plage renvoie à la construction sociale de leur sexualité