Fuel Quality Monitoring by Color Detection

The quality of automotive fuels—gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol—is discussed in the light of their specifications in different countries and regions and in terms of their adulteration, which has such a prejudicial effect on the production chain, distribution chain, tax revenues, the environment, and end consumers. Different ways of adulterating automotive fuels are analyzed, as are the procedures for their detection. Several analytical methods for monitoring quality and detecting adulteration have been addressed in the literature, emphasizing the determination of properties such as density, distillation curve, octane rating, vapor pressure, etc., by means of physicochemical methods and chromatographic and spectrographic techniques, to the detriment of colorimetric methods. This chapter looks at colorimetric techniques designed for quality monitoring and the detection of adulteration in fuels, especially simple, quick, low-cost procedures with potential to be used in the field

Índices fisiológicos de soja hortaliça em duas épocas de semeadura no Recôncavo Sul Baiano

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the performance of four vegetable soybean genotypes and one vegetable soybean cultivar in two sowing periods (April / 2009 and August / 2009) under South Reconcavo Baiano Region environmental conditions. The experiments were installed in the field at the Federal University in the county of Cruz das Almas – BA.  The experimental design was in random blocks, with five treatments (genotypes: JLM 17, JLM 18, JLM 19, BR 94 and the BRS 155 cultivar) and five replicates. The experimental plots were made up by eight rows of 5.0 m in length: spacing of 50 cm between rows and 12 seeds per meter, with three side borders, three for yield data and two for growth analysis.  Samplings of five plants per plot taken at random were carried out every fifteen days from 21 days after emergence (DAE) until physiological plant maturity in order to quantify dry matter mass (g plant -1) and plant leaf area (dm²). These characteristics were used to determine the following physiological indices:  crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilatory rate (NAR) and leaf area ratio (LAR).  NAR and LAR were the most efficient physiological indices to indicate the performance and growth of the materials evaluated.  However, vegetative and yield performance of the plant should be measured by the combined response of the physiological indices since they are interconnected, leading to compensation effects between them.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar por meio dos índices fisiológicos, o desempenho de cinco genótipos de soja hortaliça em duas épocas de semeadura nas condições ambientais do recôncavo Sul Baiano, no Município de Cruz das Almas – BA, em 2009. Os experimentos foram instalados no Campo Experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, no município de Cruz das Almas – BA. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (os genótipos JLM 17, JLM 18, JLM 19, JLM 27, BR 94 e BRS 155) e cinco repetições, em duas épocas de semeadura: primeira época (abril-julho) e a segunda época (agosto-novembro). Foram realizadas coletas quinzenais de cinco plantas aleatórias por parcela, a partir dos 21 dias após a emergência (DAE) até a maturação plena, para a determinação da matéria seca (g planta-¹) e da área foliar da planta (dm²). Essas características serviram de base para determinar os índices fisiológicos: taxa de crescimento da cultura (TCC), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL) e razão de área foliar (RAF). O desempenho vegetativo e produtivo da planta deve ser avaliado pela resposta conjunta dos índices fisiológicos, sobretudo TAL e a RAF uma vez que estão interligados, provocando efeitos de compensação entre eles

ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS E PREVALÊNCIA DE ENTEROPARASITOSES EM CRIANÇAS DO BAIRRO JAMBEIRO, SÃO LUÍS, MA

A carência de condições básicas de higiene e saneamento, aliadas à falta de limpeza dos reservatórios de água e a não utilização de água fltrada ou fervida, intensifcam a ocorrência de problemas de saúde pública. Com o intuito de contribuir para a conscientização da população acerca dos problemas de saúde decorrentes da contaminação da água, realizou-se no Bairro do Jambeiro, localizado nas mediações da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, um projeto interdisciplinar que visou, pela divulgação dos dados da pesquisa científca, avaliar a água utilizada pelos moradores através de análise físico-química, microbiológica e parasitológica, de modo que os resultados permitissem a conscientização, através de atividades educacionais dos moradores. Os resultados endossam a precariedade de condições sanitárias encontradas nessa comunidade. Os poços, as torneiras e o córrego apresentam níveis de contaminação acima do recomendável pela Resolução CONAMA e ANVISA, sendo, portanto, impróprias para o consumo. Os exames parasitológicos revelaram alta prevalência (91%) de enteroparasitoses nas crianças. A partir desses resultados os integrantes do projeto e seus parceiros realizaram palestras destinadas à comunidade sobre os meios de tratamento da água, biologia dos parasitas e medidas profláticas das principais verminoses. Concomitante, ocorreu a entrega e esclarecimentos dos laudos da análise físico-química, microbiológica e parasitológica, onde houve a distribuição de remédios às crianças que estavam infectadas.Descritores:  Enteroparasitos; Epidemiologia; Prevalência.Abstract: The lack of basic conditions hygiene and sanitation, allied to grubbiness of water reservoirs and no use of fltered or boiled water, enhance the occurrence of health public problems. With the aim of contribute to awareness of the population about the health problems resulting from the water contamination, was held in the District of the Jambeiro, located near the Federal University of Maranhão, an interdisciplinary project the aimed, by disclosure of scientifc research, to evaluate the water used by population through physico-chemical, microbiological and parasitological analyses, so that the results allow awareness through educational activities of population. The results comproved the precarious sanitary conditions found in this community. The level contamination of the wells, taps and stream is higher than recommended by Resolution CONAMA and ANVISA, therefore, unft for consumption. The parasitological revealed a high prevalence (91%) of intestinal parasites in children. Based on these results the members of the project and its partners held talks for the community about the water treatment, biology of parasites and worms and of the main prophylactic measures. Concomitantly, there was the delivery and clarifcation of reports of physico-chemical, microbiological and parasitological, where there was the distribution of drugs to children who were infected.Descriptors: Enteroparasites; Epidemiology; Prevalence

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

A importância da desinfecção de impressões odontológicas

26