2,066 research outputs found
Spin thermoelectrics in a disordered Fermi gas
We study the connection between the spin-heat and spin-charge response in a
disordered Fermi gas with spin-orbit coupling. It is shown that the ratio
between the above responses can be expressed as the thermopower times a number which depends on the strength and
type of the spin-orbit couplings considered. The general results are
illustrated by examining different two-dimensional electron or hole systems
with different and competing spin-orbit mechanisms, and we conclude that a
metallic system could prove much more efficient as a heat-to-spin than as a
heat-to-charge converter.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figur
Spin Hall and Edelstein effects in metallic films: from 2D to 3D
A normal metallic film sandwiched between two insulators may have strong
spin-orbit coupling near the metal-insulator interfaces, even if spin-orbit
coupling is negligible in the bulk of the film. In this paper we study two
technologically important and deeply interconnected effects that arise from
interfacial spin-orbit coupling in metallic films. The first is the spin Hall
effect, whereby a charge current in the plane of the film is partially
converted into an orthogonal spin current in the same plane. The second is the
Edelstein effect, in which a charge current produces an in-plane, transverse
spin polarization. At variance with strictly two-dimensional Rashba systems, we
find that the spin Hall conductivity has a finite value even if spin-orbit
interaction with impurities is neglected and "vertex corrections" are properly
taken into account. Even more remarkably, such finite value becomes "universal"
in a certain configuration. This is a direct consequence of the spatial
dependence of spin-orbit coupling on the third dimension, perpendicular to the
film plane. The non-vanishing spin Hall conductivity has a profound influence
on the Edelstein effect, which we show to consist of two terms, the first with
the standard form valid in a strictly two-dimensional Rashba system, and a
second arising from the presence of the third dimension. Whereas the standard
term is proportional to the momentum relaxation time, the new one scales with
the spin relaxation time. Our results, although derived in a specific model,
should be valid rather generally, whenever a spatially dependent Rashba
spin-orbit coupling is present and the electron motion is not strictly
two-dimensional.Comment: 23 pages, 3 figure
Antagonistic Structural Patterns in Complex Networks
Identifying and explaining the structure of complex networks at different
scales has become an important problem across disciplines. At the mesoscale,
modular architecture has attracted most of the attention. At the macroscale,
other arrangements --e.g. nestedness or core-periphery-- have been studied in
parallel, but to a much lesser extent. However, empirical evidence increasingly
suggests that characterizing a network with a unique pattern typology may be
too simplistic, since a system can integrate properties from distinct
organizations at different scales. Here, we explore the relationship between
some of those organizational patterns: two at the mesoscale (modularity and
in-block nestedness); and one at the macroscale (nestedness). We analytically
show that nestedness can be used to provide approximate bounds for modularity,
with exact results in an idealized scenario. Specifically, we show that
nestedness and modularity are antagonistic. Furthermore, we evince that
in-block nestedness provides a parsimonious transition between nested and
modular networks, taking properties of both. Far from a mere theoretical
exercise, understanding the boundaries that discriminate each architecture is
fundamental, to the extent modularity and nestedness are known to place heavy
constraints on the stability of several dynamical processes, specially in
ecology.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures and 1 supplemental information fil
Discrete-time Markov chain approach to contact-based disease spreading in complex networks
Many epidemic processes in networks spread by stochastic contacts among their
connected vertices. There are two limiting cases widely analyzed in the physics
literature, the so-called contact process (CP) where the contagion is expanded
at a certain rate from an infected vertex to one neighbor at a time, and the
reactive process (RP) in which an infected individual effectively contacts all
its neighbors to expand the epidemics. However, a more realistic scenario is
obtained from the interpolation between these two cases, considering a certain
number of stochastic contacts per unit time. Here we propose a discrete-time
formulation of the problem of contact-based epidemic spreading. We resolve a
family of models, parameterized by the number of stochastic contact trials per
unit time, that range from the CP to the RP. In contrast to the common
heterogeneous mean-field approach, we focus on the probability of infection of
individual nodes. Using this formulation, we can construct the whole phase
diagram of the different infection models and determine their critical
properties.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Europhys Lett (in press 2010
Propagation of a short laser pulse in a plasma
The propagation of an electromagnetic pulse in a plasma is studied for pulse
durations that are comparable to the plasma period. When the carrier frequency
of the incident pulse is much higher than the plasma frequency, the pulse
propagates without distortion at its group speed. When the carrier frequency is
comparable to the plasma frequency, the pulse is distorted and leaves behind it
an electromagnetic wake.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, REVTeX. To be published in Physical Review E,
vol. 56, December 1, 199
Navigation and Cognition in Semantic Networks
Semantic memory is the cognitive system devoted to storage and retrieval of conceptual knowledge. Empirical data indicate that semantic memory is organized in a network structure. Everyday experience shows that word search and retrieval processes emerge providing fluent and coherent speech, i.e. are efficient and robust. Nonetheless, links between pairs of words in semantic memory encode a rich variety of relationships, and not merely category membership. To extract this information, we schematize a process based on uncorrelated random walks from node to node, which converge to a feature vectors network. This mechanism forces the emergence of semantic similarity, which implicitly encloses category structure. Interestingly, the degradation of the original structure has a dramatic impact on the topology of semantic network, whereas the dynamics upon it evidence much higher resilience. We define this problem in the framework of percolation theory
Editorial: At the Crossroads: Lessons and Challenges in Computational Social Science
The interest of physicists in economic and social questions is not new: during the last decades, we have witnessed the emergence of what is formally called nowadays sociophysics [1] and econophysics [2] that can be grouped into the common term âInterdisciplinary Physicsâ along with biophysics, medical physics, agrophysics, etc. With tools borrowed from statistical physics and complexity science, among others, these areas of study have already made important contributions to our understanding of how humans organize and interact in our modern society. Large scale data analyses, agent-based modeling and numerical simulations, and finally mathematical modeling, have led to the discovery of new (universal) patterns and their quantitative description in socio-economic systems..
A definition of the magnetic transition temperature using valence bond theory
Macroscopic magnetic properties are analyzed using Valence Bond theory. Commonly the critical temperature TC for magnetic systems is associated with a maximum in the energy-based heat capacity Cp(T). Here a more broadly applicable definition of the magnetic transition temperature TC is described using spin moment expectation value (i.e. applying the spin exchange density operator) instead of energy. Namely, the magnetic capacity Cs(T) reflects variation in the spin multiplicity as a function of temperature, which is shown to be related to â[ÏT(T)]/âT. Magnetic capacity Cs(T) depends on long-range spin interactions that are not relevant in the energy-based heat capacity Cp(T). Differences between Cs(T) and Cp(T) are shown to be due to spin order/disorder within the crystal, that can be monitored via a Valence Bond analysis of the corresponding magnetic wavefunction. Indeed the concept of the Boltzmann spin-alignment order is used to provide information about the spin correlation between magnetic units. As a final illustration, the critical temperature is derived from the magnetic capacity for several molecular magnets presenting different magnetic topolo- gies that have been experimentally studied. A systematic shift between the transition temperatures associated with Cs(T) and Cp(T) is observed. It is demonstrated that this shift can be attributed to the loss of long-range spin correlation. This suggests that the magnetic capacity Cs(T) can be used as a predictive tool for the magnetic topology, and thus for the synthetic chemists
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