Modulation of angiogenesis by inflammatory markers and the role of matrix metalloproteinases in an endothelial cell/fibroblast co-culture system.

Increased levels of inflammatory markers such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin- 6 (IL-6) have been associated with formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, and linked to chronic inflammation in obesity. This study aimed to establish and use a versatile co-culture cell system to further investigate the role of TNFα and IL-6 in modulating (i) tubule formation and (ii) cell-cell interactions via matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzyme activity and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), E-selectin and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Co-cultures of human endothelial cells and fibroblasts were incubated with TNFα (10 ng/mL) or IL-6 (10 ng/mL) added 2 and/or 7 days after co-culture establishment. Cell viability by enzymatic conversion was determined by MTT assay; tubule formation was detected by immunostaining; VEGF, E-selectin and PGE2 expression by ELISA analysis and MMP enzyme activity by gel zymography. Treatmentspecific and time dependent differences in tubule formation were observed: IL-6 significantly increased tubule formation, whilst TNFα significantly inhibited tubule formation. Treatment-specific differences in levels of MMP activities which correlate to tubule formation were also observed. This study showed inflammatory markers, typically associated with obese status, affect tubule formation differently in a heterogeneous cell environment similar to that observed in vivo

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Type 1.3 Lena Triggers Conventional Dendritic Cells 1 Activation and T Helper 1 Immune Response Without Infecting Dendritic Cells

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an arterivirus responsible for highly contagious infection and huge economic losses in pig industry. Two species, PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 are distinguished, PRRSV-1 being more prevalent in Europe. PRRSV-1 can further be divided in subtypes. PRRSV-1.3 such as Lena are more pathogenic than PRRSV-1.1 such as Lelystad or Flanders13. PRRSV-1.3 viruses trigger a higher Th1 response than PRRSV-1.1, although the role of the cellular immune response in PRRSV clearance remains ill defined. The pathogenicity as well as the T cell response inductions may be differentially impacted according to the capacity of the virus strain to infect and/or activate DCs. However, the interactions of PRRSV with in vivo-differentiated-DC subtypes such as conventional DC1 (cDC1), cDC2, and monocyte-derived DCs (moDC) have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, DC subpopulations from Lena in vivo infected pigs were analyzed for viral genome detection. This experiment demonstrates that cDC1, cDC2, and moDC are not infected in vivo by Lena. Analysis of DC cytokines production revealed that cDC1 are clearly activated in vivo by Lena. In vitro comparison of 3 Europeans strains revealed no infection of the cDC1 and cDC2 and no or little infection of moDC with Lena, whereas the two PRRSV-1.1 strains infect none of the 3 DC subtypes. In vitro investigation of T helper polarization and cytokines production demonstrate that Lena induces a higher Th1 polarization and IFNγ secretion than FL13 and LV. Altogether, this work suggests an activation of cDC1 by Lena associated with a Th1 immune response polarization

Macrophage-B Cell Interactions in the Inverted Porcine Lymph Node and Their Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Swine lymph nodes (LN) present an inverted structure compared to mouse and human, with the afferent lymph diffusing from the center to the periphery. This structure, also observed in close and distant species such as dolphins, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, and elephants, is poorly described, nor are the LN macrophage populations and their relationship with B cell follicles. B cell maturation occurs mainly in LN B cell follicles with the help of LN macrophage populations endowed with different antigen delivery capacities. We identified three macrophage populations that we localized in the inverted LN spatial organization. This allowed us to ascribe porcine LN MΦ to their murine counterparts: subcapsular sinus MΦ, medullary cord MΦ and medullary sinus MΦ. We identified the different intra and extrafollicular stages of LN B cells maturation and explored the interaction of MΦ, drained antigen and follicular B cells. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major porcine pathogen that infects tissue macrophages (MΦ). PRRSV is persistent in the secondary lymphoid tissues and induces a delay in neutralizing antibodies appearance. We observed PRRSV interaction with two LN MΦ populations, of which one interacts closely with centroblasts. We observed BCL6 up-regulation in centroblast upon PRRSV infection, leading to new hypothesis on PRRSV inhibition of B cell maturation. This seminal study of porcine LN will permit fruitful comparison with murine and human LN for a better understanding of normal and inverted LN development and functioning

Réponse immunitaire innée et adaptative du porc face au virus du syndrome dysgénésique et respiratoire porcin

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes reproductive failure and respiratory problems in swine. Immune response against PRRSV is characterized by a persistent viremia and a delay in neutralizing antibodies’ production. Main targets of PRRSV are Alveolar Macrophages (AM) but in vitro studies suggest that PRRSV could replicate in dendritic cells (DC). In this manuscript, new cellular targets of PRRSV in the lung and the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes have been depicted. This work revealed that pulmonary parenchymal AM-like are susceptible to PRRSV in vivo. Moreover, study of DC infection in the lung reveals that cDC1, cDC2 and moDC are not infected by Type 1 PRRSV. In tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes, 3 populations of pig macrophages (Macro) have been identified and called perifollicular macrophages (PFMacro), lymphatic cord macrophages (cordMacro) and efferent macrophages (effMacro). In vivo infection revealed that PFMacro and effMacro are susceptible to Type 1 PRRSV infection. In order to understand the delay in humoral response establishment, 5 populations of B cells have been identified in the lymph nodes. The interaction of SDRPv with these populations is under study.Le virus du syndrome dysgénésique et respiratoire porcin (SDRPv) est un pathogène à l’origine de problèmes respiratoires et de reproduction. La réponse immunitaire face au SDRPv est caractérisée par une virémie persistante et un retard dans la mise en place des anticorps neutralisants. Les macrophages alvéolaires (AM) sont la cible principale du virus mais plusieurs études in vitro suggèrent une infection des cellules dendritiques (DC). Dans ce manuscrit, de nouvelles cibles cellulaires du virus ont été découvertes dans le poumon et dans les ganglions trachéo-bronchiques. Les cellules du parenchyme pulmonaire AM-like sont infectés in vivo par le SDRPv de Type 1 alors que les cDC1, cDC2 et moDC du poumon ne sont pas infectées. La souche Lena Type 1.3 se distingue des autres souches par sa capacité à induire une polarisation vers une réponse Th1 in vitro. Une expérience de transfert de lymphocytes T mémoires in vivo suggèrent une réponse cellulaire accrue et délétère lors de l’infection par la souche Lena. Trois populations de macrophages ont été identifiées dans les ganglions et nommées : macrophages périfolliculaires (PFMacro), macrophages des cordons lymphatiques (cordMacro) et macrophages efférents (effMacro). Les effMacro et les PFMacro sont infectés par les souches européennes. Quant à la réponse humorale, 5 stades de différenciation des LB dans les ganglions ont été identifiés et une étude de l’impact de l’infection sur la différenciation des lymphocytes B est en cours

Innate and adaptive immune responses against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV)

Le virus du syndrome dysgénésique et respiratoire porcin (SDRPv) est un pathogène à l’origine de problèmes respiratoires et de reproduction. La réponse immunitaire face au SDRPv est caractérisée par une virémie persistante et un retard dans la mise en place des anticorps neutralisants. Les macrophages alvéolaires (AM) sont la cible principale du virus mais plusieurs études in vitro suggèrent une infection des cellules dendritiques (DC). Dans ce manuscrit, de nouvelles cibles cellulaires du virus ont été découvertes dans le poumon et dans les ganglions trachéo-bronchiques. Les cellules du parenchyme pulmonaire AM-like sont infectés in vivo par le SDRPv de Type 1 alors que les cDC1, cDC2 et moDC du poumon ne sont pas infectées. La souche Lena Type 1.3 se distingue des autres souches par sa capacité à induire une polarisation vers une réponse Th1 in vitro. Une expérience de transfert de lymphocytes T mémoires in vivo suggèrent une réponse cellulaire accrue et délétère lors de l’infection par la souche Lena. Trois populations de macrophages ont été identifiées dans les ganglions et nommées : macrophages périfolliculaires (PFMacro), macrophages des cordons lymphatiques (cordMacro) et macrophages efférents (effMacro). Les effMacro et les PFMacro sont infectés par les souches européennes. Quant à la réponse humorale, 5 stades de différenciation des LB dans les ganglions ont été identifiés et une étude de l’impact de l’infection sur la différenciation des lymphocytes B est en cours.Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes reproductive failure and respiratory problems in swine. Immune response against PRRSV is characterized by a persistent viremia and a delay in neutralizing antibodies’ production. Main targets of PRRSV are Alveolar Macrophages (AM) but in vitro studies suggest that PRRSV could replicate in dendritic cells (DC). In this manuscript, new cellular targets of PRRSV in the lung and the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes have been depicted. This work revealed that pulmonary parenchymal AM-like are susceptible to PRRSV in vivo. Moreover, study of DC infection in the lung reveals that cDC1, cDC2 and moDC are not infected by Type 1 PRRSV. In tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes, 3 populations of pig macrophages (Macro) have been identified and called perifollicular macrophages (PFMacro), lymphatic cord macrophages (cordMacro) and efferent macrophages (effMacro). In vivo infection revealed that PFMacro and effMacro are susceptible to Type 1 PRRSV infection. In order to understand the delay in humoral response establishment, 5 populations of B cells have been identified in the lymph nodes. The interaction of SDRPv with these populations is under study

Broncho Alveolar Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Are Highly Similar to Their Interstitial Counterparts - Fig 2

<p>(A) The different subsets from BAL were sorted by flow cytometry. mRNA expression levels of 10 genes were assessed by RT-qPCR. For each gene, data were normalized to the reference gene RPS24 (Ribosomal Protein S24) expression and presented as relative expression (arbitrary units (AU)): for each animal, the population with the highest expression was considered as 100 and the other populations were normalized to it. Each symbol represents one animal. For the sake of an easier comparison between parenchymal (closed symbols) and BAL (open symbols) populations, parenchymal cells data (closed symbols), previously published in [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0167315#pone.0167315.ref002" target="_blank">2</a>] were integrated in this figure. B) Heat map depicting the results from 2A. cDC = conventional Dendritic Cells, moDC = monocyte-derived DC, moMacro = monocyte-derived Macrophages, AM = alveolar Macrophages. Statistic signs *: P<0.01, **: P<0.001 with Student t-test.</p

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung interstitial (parenchyma) cells were obtained from the diaphragmatic lobe (A and B) or the right cardiac lobe (C and D) and stained for multi-color flow cytometry.

<p>(A and B) gating strategy used for the count and cell sorting of each subpopulation as previously described [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0167315#pone.0167315.ref002" target="_blank">2</a>]. (C and D) Absolute number of each subset among total MHCII^high cells was assessed in parenchyma and BAL (n = 4). cDC = conventional Dendritic Cells, moDC = monocyte-derived DC, moMacro = monocyte-derived Macrophages, AM = alveolar Macrophages. Statistic signs *: P<0.01, **: P<0.001 with a Mann-Whitney test.</p

A prime with naked DNA improves the immune responses induced by a modified live vaccine against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

International audienc

Porcine Alveolar Macrophage-like cells are pro-inflammatory Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages that produce large titers of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

International audienceLung inflammation is frequently involved in respiratory conditions and it is strongly controlled by mononuclear phagocytes (MNP). We previously studied porcine lung MNP and described a new population of cells presenting all the features of alveolar macrophages (AM) except for their parenchymal location, that we named AM-like cells. Herein we showed that AM-like cells are macrophages phagocytosing blood-borne particles, in agreement with a pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIM) identity. PIM have been described microscopically long time ago in species from the Laurasiatheria superorder such as bovine, swine, cats or cetaceans. We observed that PIM were more inflammatory than AM upon infection with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a major swine pathogen. Moreover, whereas PRRSV was thought to mainly target AM, we observed that PIM were a major producer of virus. The PIM infection was more correlated with viremia in vivo than AM infection. Finally like AM, PIM-expressed genes were characteristic of an embryonic monocyte-derived macrophage population, whose turnover is independent of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic precursors. This last observation raised the interesting possibility that AM and PIM originate from the same lung precursor

Macrophage-B Cell Interactions in the Inverted Porcine Lymph Node and Their Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

WOS:000467333800001International audienceSwine lymph nodes (LN) present an inverted structure compared to mouse and human, with the afferent lymph diffusing from the center to the periphery. This structure, also observed in close and distant species such as dolphins, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, and elephants, is poorly described, nor are the LN macrophage populations and their relationship with B cell follicles. B cell maturation occurs mainly in LN B cell follicles with the help of LN macrophage populations endowed with different antigen delivery capacities. We identified three macrophage populations that we localized in the inverted LN spatial organization. This allowed us to ascribe porcine LN M 8 to their murine counterparts: subcapsular sinus M 8, medullary cord M 8 and medullary sinus M 8. We identified the different intra and extrafollicular stages of LN B cells maturation and explored the interaction of M 8, drained antigen and follicular B cells. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major porcine pathogen that infects tissue macrophages (M 8). PRRSV is persistent in the secondary lymphoid tissues and induces a delay in neutralizing antibodies appearance. We observed PRRSV interaction with two LN M 8 populations, of which one interacts closely with centroblasts. We observed BCL6 up-regulation in centroblast upon PRRSV infection, leading to new hypothesis on PRRSV inhibition of B cell maturation. This seminal study of porcine LN will permit fruitful comparison with murine and human LN for a better understanding of normal and inverted LN development and functioning