DTUJET--93 Sampling inelastic proton--proton and antiproton--proton collisions according to the two--component Dual Parton Model

A new version of a Monte Carlo Program for hadronic multi-particle production is presented. It is based on the two-component Dual Parton Model which includes the dual topological unitarization of soft and hard cross sections. The model treats both soft (low $p_{\perp}$) and hard (minijet, large $p_{\perp}$) processes in a unified and consistent way. The unified description is important at TeV-energies of hadron colliders, where the hard perturbative cross sections of QCD become large and comparable to the total cross sections.Comment: 20 pages , PHYSZZX, SI-93-

Time-Series Ensemble Photometry and the Search for Variable Stars in the Open Cluster M11

This work presents the first large-scale photometric variability survey of the intermediate age (~200 Myr) open cluster M11. Thirteen nights of data over two observing seasons were analyzed (using crowded field and ensemble photometry techniques) to obtain high relative precision photometry. In this study we focus on the detection of candidate member variable stars for follow-up studies. A total of 39 variable stars were detected and can be categorized as follows: 1 irregular (probably pulsating) variable, 6 delta Scuti variables, 14 detached eclipsing binary systems, 17 W UMa variables, and 1 unidentified/candidate variable. While previous proper motion studies allow for cluster membership determination for the brightest stars, we find that membership determination is significantly hampered below V=15,R=15.5 by the large population of field stars overlapping the cluster MS. Of the brightest detected variables that have a high likelihood of cluster membership, we find five systems where further work could help constrain theoretical stellar models, including one potential W UMa member of this young cluster.Comment: 38 pages, 13 figures, accepted for December 2005 AJ, high-resolution version available upon reques

Elevator Or Stairs? A Dive Into Patron Decision Making

When put in a situation to get to higher/lower floors of a building, there are many factors that go into play for whether an individual chooses to take the stairs (active) or ride the elevator (sedentary). Students were approached at waiting area for the four elevators in a University Library and were asked series of questions regarding their reasoning for taking the stair or elevator to ascend, as well as their thoughts on the stairwell appearance. Point of application #1: Stairwell appearance and aesthetics should be considered during the design process in order to increase use and physical activity amongst individuals. Point of application #2: Stairwell and elevator location, along with signage, should be considered during the design or remodeling process to create a more accessible stairwell. Point of application #3: The benefits of taking the stairs rather than using an elevator should be promoted to encourage using the stairs. Key Words: active lifestyle, active transport, point of decision prompt, physical activity, healt

Including an ocean carbon cycle model into iLOVECLIM (v1.0)

The atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration plays a crucial role in the radiative balance and as such has a strong influence on the evolution of climate. Because of the numerous interactions between climate and the carbon cycle, it is necessary to include a model of the carbon cycle within a climate model to understand and simulate past and future changes of the carbon cycle. In particular, natural variations of atmospheric CO2 have happened in the past, while anthropogenic carbon emissions are likely to continue in the future. To study changes of the carbon cycle and climate on timescales of a few hundred to a few thousand years, we have included a simple carbon cycle model into the iLOVECLIM Earth System Model. In this study, we describe the ocean and terrestrial biosphere carbon cycle models and their performance relative to observational data. We focus on the main carbon cycle variables including the carbon isotope ratios δ13C and the Δ14C. We show that the model results are in good agreement with modern observations both at the surface and in the deep ocean for the main variables, in particular phosphates, dissolved inorganic carbon and the carbon isotopes

Obesity in Switzerland: do estimates depend on how body mass index has been assessed?

In Switzerland monitoring of obesity in the general population is based on body mass index (BMI) derived from self-reported weight and height. This approach may lead to misclassification of obese subjects and misinterpretation of obesity prevalence and trends. In order to explore this potential bias, we compared studies with measured and self-reported data. We analysed five studies based on measured BMI and five studies based on self-reported BMI, all of which were carried out in Switzerland between 1977 and 2004 and encompassed men and women aged 35-74 years. Obesity was defined as BMI>or=30 kg/m2. The prevalence of obesity was markedly higher (1.6 times) in studies with measured BMI in both sexes: 14.2% vs 8.8% in men and 12.5% vs 7.9% in women. These differences tended to increase with age in both sexes. However, a similar upward trend in the prevalence of obesity was observed with both methods (absolute increase per year in men and women respectively: 0.24% and 0.25% using measured BMI vs 0.17% and 0.20% using self-reported BMI). In Switzerland obesity prevalence in adults has clearly increased in the past three decades. Although the use of self-reported height and weight leads to a valid estimation of this increase, it results in a considerable underestimation of obesity prevalence rates in Switzerland. The type of assessment of height and weight should be taken into consideration when comparing prevalences of obesity between studies or regions or when using these prevalences to assess associated health risks or costs

Simulated last glacial maximum D14Catm and the deep glacial ocean carbon reservoir

∆14Catm has been estimated as 420 ± 80‰ (IntCal09) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to preindustrial times (0‰), but mechanisms explaining this difference are not yet resolved. ∆14Catm is a function of both cosmogenic production in the high atmosphere and of carbon cycling and partitioning in the Earth system. 10Be-based reconstructions show a contribution of the cosmogenic production term of only 200 ± 200‰ in the LGM. The remaining 220‰ have thus to be explained by changes in the carbon cycle. Recently, Bouttes et al. (2010, 2011) proposed to explain most of the difference in pCO2atm and δ13C between glacial and interglacial times as a result of brine-induced ocean stratification in the Southern Ocean. This mechanism involves the formation of very saline water masses that contribute to high carbon storage in the deep ocean. During glacial times, the sinking of brines is enhanced and more carbon is stored in the deep ocean, lowering pCO2atm. Moreover, the sinking of brines induces increased stratification in the Southern Ocean, which keeps the deep ocean well isolated from the surface. Such an isolated ocean reservoir would be characterized by a low ∆14C signature. Evidence of such 14C-depleted deep waters during the LGM has recently been found in the Southern Ocean (Skinner et al. 2010). The degassing of this carbon with low ∆14C would then reduce ∆14Catm throughout the deglaciation. We have further developed the CLIMBER-2 model to include a cosmogenic production of 14C as well as an interactive atmospheric 14C reservoir. We investigate the role of both the sinking of brine and cosmogenic production, alongside iron fertilization mechanisms, to explain changes in ∆14Catm during the last deglaciation. In our simulations, not only is the sinking of brine mechanism consistent with past ∆14C data, but it also explains most of the differences in pCO2atm and ∆14Catm between the LGM and preindustrial times. Finally, this study represents the first time to our knowledge that a model experiment explains glacial-interglacial differences in pCO2atm, δ13C, and ∆14C together with a coherent LGM climate

Are You Welcomed? A Racial and Ethnic Comparison of Perceived Welcomeness in Sport Participation

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(6): 833-844, 2017. Sport has become racialized such that minority youth accrue limited health and academic benefits from participation, compared to their White counterparts. Understanding the welcomeness that minorities feel in sport, leisure and physical activities plays an important role in breaking down barriers to participation. Thus, the overall aim of this study is to further examine the determinants of sport participation, particularly as it relates to race, socialization and perceived welcomeness. College students (N = 451) scored their perceived level of welcomeness for Whites, African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos in 14 sports. Results reveal significant differences in the perceived welcomeness felt by Whites, African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos in most of the sports analyzed. The discussion focuses on the socialization agents that facilitate such racialized perceptions and hinder access and opportunities for racial and ethnic minority youth to experience the health, academic and social benefits of sport participation