The Cult of True Womanhood: Women of the Mid-nineteenth Century and Their Assigned Roles as Reflected in Contemporary Writing

Women of the mid-nineteenth century found themselves in a unique position brought on by changing social and economic structures. Technological advances and changes created opportunities for men to work outside of the home, earning enough money to support their families without assistance from their wives. This led to a push for women to stay in the home, as exemplars of four very important qualities: piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. These qualities were extolled through magazines and other writings of the time. There were voices speaking up against this new ideal, but it lasted intact until the advent of the Civil W ar when it began to change because of circumstances beyond the control of average Americans. In some form, however, some of the ideals are still encouraged even now.Master'sCollege of Arts and Sciences: Liberal StudiesUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117679/1/Bonventre.pd

Blockade of IL-22 signaling reverses erythroid dysfunction in stress-induced anemias

Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) display severe anemia but the mechanisms underlying this phenotype are incompletely understood. Right open-reading-frame kinase 2 (RIOK2) encodes a protein kinase located at 5q15, a region frequently lost in patients with MDS del(5q). Here we show that hematopoietic cell-specific haploinsufficient deletion of Riok2 (Riok2f/+Vav1cre) led to reduced erythroid precursor frequency leading to anemia. Proteomic analysis of Riok2f/+Vav1cre erythroid precursors suggested immune system activation, and transcriptomic analysis revealed an increase in p53-dependent interleukin (IL)-22 in Riok2f/+Vav1cre CD4+ T cells (TH22). Further, we discovered that the IL-22 receptor, IL-22RA1, was unexpectedly present on erythroid precursors. Blockade of IL-22 signaling alleviated anemia not only in Riok2f/+Vav1cre mice but also in wild-type mice. Serum concentrations of IL-22 were increased in the subset of patients with del(5q) MDS as well as patients with anemia secondary to chronic kidney disease. This work reveals a possible therapeutic opportunity for reversing many stress-induced anemias by targeting IL-22 signaling