436 research outputs found

    2035: Paths towards a sustainable EU economy: Sustainable transitions and the potential of eco-innovation for jobs and economic development in EU eco-industries 2035

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    This brochure presents an overview of the four scenarios developed by the foresight study on transitions towards a sustainable economy along with a brief presentation of the study process and conclusions.JRC.DDG.02-Foresight and Behavioural Insight

    The Future of Customs in the EU 2040: Results from a Real-time Delphi survey

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    A Real-time Delphi survey was carried out within the project The Future of Customs in the EU 2040: a foresight study performed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre on behalf of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union (DG TAXUD). The Real-time Delphi survey method is a structured expert survey methodology used to gather opinions on different possible developments in the long-term future on a given topic. This type of surveys is a useful way to elicit, collect and synthesise the opinions of a large group of experts and to give ideas to start a debate. In the survey the participants were asked to react to 16 statements formulated as if they were taking place in the year 2040. They cover different issues related to customs, such as the role of customs, trade, digital and technological development, human resources, and corruption and fraud.JRC.I.2-Foresight, Modelling, Behavioural Insights & Design for Polic

    Textiles and Clothing Manufacturing: Vision for 2025 and Actions Needed

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    This project is set in the context of the European industrial policy objective declared in 2010 to bring the share of industry in EU GDP from 15 to 20 per cent by 2020. It applies the Industrial Landscape Vision 2025 (ILV2025), a forward looking tool developed in a previous JRC foresight study and endorsed by DG GROW and its Task Force on advanced manufacturing. This tool provides a generic model of industry in Europe 10 years from now. The main objective of the project is to understand the long-term needs and challenges faced by European industry, to develop a vision for identifying key opportunities and challenges, and to develop potential responses by industry actors and policy makers.JRC.I.2-Foresight, Behavioural Insights and Design for Polic

    Le rÎle de la traduction dans la reconnaissance du créole des Petites Antilles françaises à partir de 1960

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    Les langues crĂ©oles sont le fruit de l’entremĂȘlement culturel et linguistique qui a eu lieu au cours du XVIe et du XVIIe siĂšcles aux Antilles. Bien que la graphie du crĂ©ole soit relativement rĂ©cente, la traduction de textes vers le crĂ©ole est loin d’ĂȘtre un phĂ©nomĂšne nouveau. (Etienne, 2003) Les diffĂ©rents crĂ©oles des Antilles sont grammaticalement assez proches, mais leur histoire et leur statut sociolinguistique peuvent ĂȘtre trĂšs diffĂ©rents. L’activitĂ© traductionnelle du crĂ©ole en HaĂŻti, par exemple, est nettement plus consĂ©quente, car contrairement aux Petites Antilles « l’accession du crĂ©ole au statut de langue officielle en 1987 a eu un impact majeur sur la valorisation institutionnelle de cette langue et sur la configuration du domaine de la traduction en HaĂŻti. » (BerrouĂ«t-Oriol, 2015) Le prĂ©sent mĂ©moire vise Ă  analyser en quoi l’activitĂ© de traduction a contribuĂ© et contribue toujours au dĂ©veloppement ainsi qu’à la reconnaissance du crĂ©ole et de la littĂ©rature des Petites Antilles francophones. Il interroge comment les traducteurs et les Ă©crivains des Antilles francophones se servent de la traduction pour donner du poids Ă  la langue crĂ©ole, comme Luther l’a fait autrefois pour l’allemand avec la traduction de la Bible. Partant de l’approche dĂ©veloppĂ©e entre autres par Lefevere (1992b) autour des concepts de mĂ©cĂ©nat, d’idĂ©ologie, de poĂ©tique et d’univers du discours, nous explorons qui commandite les traductions vers le crĂ©ole, qu’est-ce qui est traduit, par qui, comment, pourquoi et pour qui. La recherche comporte tout d’abord une recension des textes traduits en crĂ©ole des annĂ©es 1960 Ă  nos jours dans les Petites Antilles francophones. Ensuite, nous analysons les dispositifs littĂ©raires, les genres traduits, les acteurs et les stratĂ©gies afin de cerner les enjeux de la traduction vers le crĂ©ole et l’évolution de cette pratique sur la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e. Pour ce faire, nous procĂ©dons Ă©galement Ă  un travail de terrain auprĂšs des institutions et des personnes responsables de ou ayant un lien avec l’univers de la traduction du crĂ©ole (GEREC-F, CRILLASH, Ă©diteurs, traducteurs, Ă©crivains, etc.). À ce jour, la revue de littĂ©rature sur les flux et les pratiques de traduction vers le crĂ©ole des Petites Antilles est relativement longue et montre l’existence d’un intĂ©rĂȘt qui motive en grande partie notre 2 projet de recherche. De façon plus gĂ©nĂ©rale, il nous semble important et novateur d’étudier la praxis traduisante dans un milieu diglossique oĂč cohabitent le français (langue littĂ©raire par excellence) et le crĂ©ole dont la littĂ©rature et la graphie sont encore toutes jeunes. Enfin, notre dĂ©marche participe aussi Ă  une volontĂ© de dĂ©centrement de la traductologie vers les langues dites « minoritaires ». Notre Ă©tude montre que l’édition de traductions en crĂ©ole dans les Petites Antilles françaises est une activitĂ© qui en est Ă  ses balbutiements, et ce bien qu’elle soit un phĂ©nomĂšne qui est loin d’ĂȘtre nouveau, comme nous l’avons dit prĂ©cĂ©demment. Elle est pratiquĂ©e par un petit nombre de personnes, d’une maniĂšre non rĂšglementĂ©e et dans le but de crĂ©er, dĂ©velopper et de valoriser un patrimoine littĂ©raire et culturel Ă  la langue crĂ©ole. Elle rĂ©vĂšle aussi que la majoritĂ© des traductions sont des autotraductions destinĂ©es Ă  un jeune public.The Creole languages are the fruit of the cultural and linguistic intermingling that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries in the West Indies. Although writing into Creole is relatively recent, translation of texts into Creole is far from being a new phenomenon. (Etienne, 2003) The different Creoles of the West Indies are grammatically quite similar, but their history and sociolinguistic status can be very different. The translational activity of Creole in Haiti, for example, is much more substantial because, unlike the French West Indies, “accession of Creole to the status of official language in 1987 had a major impact on the institutional enhancement of this language and on the configuration in the field of translation in Haiti ” (BerrouĂ«t-Oriol, 2015, our translation) This essay aims at analyzing how the translation activity has contributed and continues to contribute to the development and recognition of Creole and the literature of the French West Indies. It questions how translators and writers in the French-speaking West Indies use translation to give weight to the Creole language, as Luther once did for German with the translation of the Bible. Starting from the approach developed among others by Lefevere (1992b) around the concepts of patronage, ideology, poetics and the universe of discourse, we explore who sponsors the translations into Creole, what is translated, by whom, how, why and for whom. First, the research includes a review of texts translated into Creole from the 1960s to the present day in the French West Indies. Then, we analyze literary devices, translated genres, actors and strategies in order to identify the challenges of translation into Creole and the evolution of this practice over the period studied. To do this, we also carry out fieldwork with institutions and people in charge of or having a link with the world of Creole translation (GEREC-F, CRILLASH, editors, translators, writers, etc.). The literature on the flows and practices of translation into Creole of the Lesser Antilles is very rich and shows the existence of an interest which largely motivates our research project. More generally, it seems important and innovative to us to study translating praxis in a diglossic environment where French (literary language par excellence) and Creole coexist, whose literature and writing are still very young. Finally, our approach also contributes to a desire to shift translation studies towards so-called “minority” languages. 4 Our study shows that the translation of Books into and from Creole in the French West Indies is an activity which is in its infancy, although translation of texts into Creole is far from being a new phenomenon as we said earlier. It is practiced by a small number of people in an unregulated manner with the aim at creating, developing, enhancing a literary and cultural heritage in the Creole language. The majority of translations are self-translations intended for a young audience

    Simulation of forced deformable bodies interacting with two-dimensional incompressible flows: Application to fish-like swimming

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    International audienceWe present an efficient algorithm for simulation of deformable bodies interacting with two-dimensional incompressible flows. The temporal and spatial discretizations of the Navier-Stokes equations in vorticity stream-function formulation are based on classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta and compact finite differences, respectively. Using a uniform Cartesian grid we benefit from the advantage of a new fourth-order direct solver for the Poisson equation to ensure the incompressibility constraint down to machine zero. For introducing a deformable body in fluid flow, the volume penalization method is used. A Lagrangian structured grid with prescribed motion covers the deformable body interacting with the surrounding fluid due to the hydrodynamic forces and moment calculated on the Eulerian reference grid. An efficient law for curvature control of an anguilliform fish, swimming to a prescribed goal, is proposed. Validation of the developed method shows the efficiency and expected accuracy of the algorithm for fish-like swimming and also for a variety of fluid/solid interaction problems

    France South Pilot Centre - Main activities of the MSNM-GP laboratory

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    ERCOFTAC Bulletin 77Presentation of the main activities of the MSNM-GP laborator

    Evolution annuelle du peuplement zooplanctonique dans un lagunage à haut rendement et incidence du temps de séjour

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    ProposĂ© au dĂ©but des annĂ©es soixante par W.J. OSWALD, le lagunage dit « à haut rendement », utilisĂ© pour l'Ă©puration d'eaux usĂ©es domestiques, reprĂ©sente un Ă©cosystĂšme hypereutrophe. Il se distingue considĂ©rablement du lagunage naturel par des temps de sĂ©jour trĂšs courts (2 Ă  12 jours), de trĂšs faibles profondeurs (< 1 m) et par une agitation constante de façon Ă  favoriser le dĂ©veloppement algal.Cette Ă©tude a pour objectifs de : 1) caractĂ©riser les successions saisonniĂšres du zooplancton dans un Ă©cosystĂšme oĂč celles-ci n'ont pratiquement pas Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es et 2) Ă©tudier l'impact, sur la structure du peuplement et au fil des saisons, du temps de sĂ©jour des eaux Ă  traiter.Le suivi du peuplement zooplanctonique a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© pendant une pĂ©riode de deux ans dans deux bassins Ă  haut rendement (nommĂ©s A et B) de mĂȘme configuration alimentĂ©s en eaux usĂ©es. Les temps de rĂ©sidence des eaux Ă  traiter sont constants et de huit jours dans l'un, variable et ajustĂ© selon l'ensoleillement et la charge entrante dans l'autre.Les rĂ©sultats obtenus sont analysĂ©s par une classification hiĂ©rarchique avec contrainte de contiguĂŻtĂ© temporelle. Les groupes obtenus sont ensuite testĂ©s par l'analyse discriminante. Les rĂ©sultats sont regroupĂ©s chronologiquement : en six groupes pour le bassin B et en dix groupes pour le bassin A. L'analyse discriminante montre que les CrustacĂ©s et les RotifĂšres sont respectivement responsables des regroupements dans les bassins B et A. Pendant la pĂ©riode de dĂ©marrage du lagunage ainsi qu'en automne et en hiver, le zooplancton est principalement composĂ© de Protozoaires : CiliĂ©s libres ou fixĂ©s en fortes densitĂ©s (jusqu'Ă  2,7.107 ind. 1-1) et Rhizopodes (Amibes). Au printemps et en Ă©tĂ©, lorsque le rayonnement solaire devient important, la production primaire Ă©tant optimale, les Protozoaires sont remplacĂ©s par des brouteurs herbivores mĂ©tazoaires. La production de RotifĂšres et de Daphnies dont les exigences en nourriture (microalgues) sont considĂ©rables est importante au printemps ou bien en Ă©tĂ© uniquement dans le bassin Ă  temps de sĂ©jour court. Le dĂ©veloppement des CrustacĂ©s CopĂ©podes et Ostracodes est favorisĂ© en Ă©tĂ© dans le bassin Ă  temps de sĂ©jour plus long.Tous ces organismes participent activement Ă  rĂ©paration. ils se nourrissent pour la plupart en filtrant les Ă©lĂ©ments en suspension dans le milieu et participent directement Ă  l'Ă©limination des MES et de la DCO (PIZAY-PARENTY, 1985).II devient donc envisageable, par suite du rĂŽle non nĂ©gligeable jouĂ© par le zooplancton et surtout par Daphnia magna, de concevoir une gestion du lagunage qui favoriserait le dĂ©veloppement de ce CladocĂšre. Cette biomasse facilement rĂ©cupĂ©rable par tamisage peut ĂȘtre valorisĂ©e en aquaculture.High rate ponds for wastewater treatment have been the focus of much attention since their creation by W.J. OSWALD in the early 1960's. These aquatic ecosystems are hypereutrophic because of massive nutrient introduction by wastewater influents. These kinds of ponds are very different front natural biological ponds because of short residence times (2 to 12 days), shallow depths (<1 m) and constant mechanical mixing which improve alga : growth.This study presents the following objectives : 1) to characterize seasonal successions of zooplankton in this ecosystem where they are unknown and 2) to study residence time influence on zooplanktonic successions in function of seasons. Our investigation consists in studying two similar high rate ponds of 48 m2 surface area and 35 cm depth constantly stirred by paddle wheels.Only residence time is different. The first pond has eight days residence time and in the second one, it changes with solar radiations and organic matter concentrations. The influents come from a primary pond of eight days residence time, fed continuously with domestic influents front a small town, MĂšze. The aim of this experiment is to compare seasonal successions in these two high rate ponds (called A and B) with different residence times. Zooplanktonic investigation has been carried out for two years. One sample was collected twice a week in primary pond effluent and two others samples collected once a week into the two high rate ponds near the outflow areas. The results of chronological clustering take inter account the discontinuities of zooplanktonic structure. We obtain six sequences in B pond and ten groups in A pond. Stepwise discriminant analysis shows that Crustaceans and Rotifers are respectively responsible for chronological clustering in B and in A pond. During the sterling period of wastewater treatment and in autumn and in winter, photosynthesis is low and zooplankton is composed mainly of Protozoa : free-living or fixed Ciliates in great concentrations (until 2,7.107 ind. l-1) and Rhizopods (AmĂŠba sp.). These organisms have important food needs (bacteria and algal detritus). During spring and summer, as solar radiations become important, Protozoa are replaced by metazoan grazers. Spring or summer with short residence times increase Rotifers or Daphnia magna production white summer with longer residence times increase Cyclops sp and cypris ovum production. All these organisms are active components of wastewater treatment : the consumption of particulates by zooplankton Increases TSS and COD removal efficiencies (PIZAY-PARENTY, 1985).Therefore, because of the filtering activity of Crustaceans (especially of Daphnia magna), it seems possible to conceive a new pond managment, with residence time changes, favourable to exponential algal growth and consequently to crustacean biomass production. It is easier to harvest this biomass (with nets) than to harvest algal biomass, which still presents problems
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