Role of DeltaC and DeltaD in Zebrafish Retinal Development

Classical studies have shown that Notch-Delta signaling is essential for the maintenance of retinal progenitor cells. However, the specific roles of different Delta ligands on retinal development are not well characterized. The focus of this study was to investigate the specific functions of the Delta ligands, deltaC (Dlc) and deltaD (Dld), in zebrafish retinal development by using dlcb663 and dldtg249 mutant embryos. The retinal expression pattern of dlc and dld, determined by whole-mount in situ hybridization, demonstrated that both ligands have similar and distinct expression patterns in WT retinas throughout retinal development. In mutant retinas where dlc and dld are absent, whole-mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry analyses indicated a disruption in the spatial patterning of rods and cones, as well as a stunted photoreceptor differentiation. Blue cone differentiation was affected in the dlcb663 embryos, whereas red and green cone differentiation was affected in dldtg249 embryos. In order to demonstrate the effects of a disrupted retinal development on the zebrafish visual behavior, the visual motor response (VMR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) of mutant embryos were analyzed. The OKR showed a reduced ability of mutant embryos to detect moving objects on their visual field, whereas each mutant presented a characteristic VMR. This study demonstrated that different Delta ligands contribute to specific aspects of retinal functionality

The importance of using biovolume in phytoplankton studies and cyanobacterial monitoring

La biomasa del fitoplancton es una variable que se usa en estudios de ecología y en monitoreos de floraciones de cianobacterias potencialmente tóxicas. El bioindicador de la biomasa puede ser desde general e indirecto, como la concentración de la clorofila a, a específico y cuasi-directo, como el biovolumen. Basadas en búsquedas bibliográficas y en los resultados de una encuesta dirigida a científicos y técnicos de América Latina, discutimos la importancia de usar el biovolumen como la variable más apropiada para estimar la biomasa, el costo que tiene cuantificar el fitoplancton utilizando diferentes unidades de recuento y las implicancias en la interpretación de los resultados. Las unidades de cuantificación utilizadas para reportar el fitoplancton fueron el individuo, la célula y el biovolumen. El individuo representa la unidad biológica natural del organismo (células, cenobios, colonias o filamentos) y varía ampliamente en tamaño. Por lo tanto, el fitoplancton reportado en individuos por unidad de volumen puede llevar a errores de interpretación conceptuales, de los cuales el más grave es subestimar la biomasa de las floraciones. Las células tienen grandes variaciones en su tamaño, por lo que su abundancia puede correlacionarse pobremente con el biovolumen o con la concentración de la clorofila a. Recomendamos usar el biovolumen como indicador de biomasa para el fitoplancton en general, y de forma imperativa para el monitoreo de cianobacterias.Phytoplankton biomass is a variable used in ecological studies and in monitoring potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Biomass indicators of this community range from general and indirect, such as chlorophyll a concentrations, to specific and quasi-direct measures such as biovolume. Based on the results of a survey addressed to Latin American scientists and technicians as well as a bibliographic search, we discuss the relevance of using biovolume as the most appropriate indicator of biomass, the effort of quantifying phytoplankton using different counting units and the implications for interpretation of the results. Individuals, cells and biovolume were the quantitative units used to report phytoplankton. The individual represents the natural biological unit of the organism (cells, coenobia, colonies or filaments) and has a wide size range. We strongly advise that the phytoplankton reported as individuals per unit volume can lead to conceptual misinterpretation, such as the underestimation of the biomass of blooms. As cells have a large variation in their sizes, it poorly correlates with biovolume or chlorophyll a concentration. Considering all these aspects is crucial when selecting quantitative bioindicators to monitor potentially toxic cyanobacteria. We strongly recommend the use of biovolume as a biomass indicator for phytoplankton in general and consider it imperative for monitoring cyanobacteria.Fil: Bonilla, Sylvia. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: O'farrell, Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Identifying Populations Most Susceptible To Get Benefit From Broadening The Scope For Prevention Of Cervical Cancer: Example From Uruguay

Objectives: To identify factors associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) among a high-risk group of HPV-unvaccinated women in Montevideo. Methods: Participants completed a questionnaire on socio-demographics, sexual behavior and gynecological history and received a gynecological examination. HPV DNA was detected by PCR using MY09/11 primers. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with high-risk HPV infection and HSIL. Results: A total of 469 women with HPV DNA and cytological results completed the questionnaire. Among women older than 30 years, those with high number of sexual partners and regular housing conditions were more likely to be positive for high-risk HPV infection (adjusted OR: 2.94, 95% CI: 1.01-8.51 and 2.68, 95% CI: 1.01-7.21, respectively). A marginally non-statistically significant association between getting a HSIL and having a high number of sexual partners was also observed (adjusted OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 0.97-10.75). Conclusions: In an era of development of new strategies for accelerating the reduction of cervical cancer incidence and mortality, our results may contribute to identify populations most susceptible to get benefit from broadening the scope for prevention of cervical cancer and could be used with other triage strategies

Cellular Expression of Smarca4 (Brg1)-regulated Genes in Zebrafish Retinas

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In a recent genomic study, Leung et al. used a factorial microarray analysis to identify Smarca4 (Brg1)-regulated genes in micro-dissected zebrafish retinas. Two hundred and fifty nine genes were grouped in three-way ANOVA models which carried the most specific retinal change. To validate the microarray results and to elucidate cellular expression patterns of the significant genes for further characterization, 32 known genes were randomly selected from this group. <it>In situ </it>hybridization of these genes was performed on the same types of samples (wild-type (WT) and <it>smarca4^a50/a50</it>(<it>yng</it>) mutant) at the same stages (36 and 52 hours post-fertilization (hpf)) as in the microarray study.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Thirty out of 32 riboprobes showed a positive <it>in situ </it>staining signal. Twenty seven out of these 30 genes were originally further classified as Smarca4-regulated retinal genes, while the remaining three as retinal-specific expression independent of Smarca4 regulation. It was found that 90.32% of the significant microarray comparisons that were used to identify Smarca4-regulated retinal genes had a corresponding qualitative expression change in the <it>in situ </it>hybridization comparisons. This is highly concordant with the theoretical true discovery rate of 95%. Hierarchical clustering was used to investigate the similarity of the cellular expression patterns of 25 out of the 27 Smarca4-regulated retinal genes that had a sufficiently high expression signal for an unambiguous identification of retinal expression domains. Three broad groups of expression pattern were identified; including 1) photoreceptor layer/outer nuclear layer specific expression at 52 hpf, 2) ganglion cell layer (GCL) and/or inner nuclear layer (INL) specific expression at both 36 & 52 hpf, and 3) GCL and/or INL specific expression at 52 hpf only. Some of these genes have recently been demonstrated to play key roles in retinal cell-type specification, differentiation and lamination. For the remaining three retinal-specific genes that are independent of Smarca4 regulation, they all had a subtle expression difference between WT and <it>smarca4^a50/a50</it>retinas as detected by <it>in situ </it>hybridization. This subtle expression difference was also detected by the original microarray analysis. However, the difference was lower than the fold change cut-off used in that study and hence these genes were not inferred as Smarca4-regulated retinal genes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study has successfully investigated the expression pattern of 32 genes identified from the original factorial microarray analysis. The results have demonstrated that the true discovery rate for identifying Smarca4-regulated retinal genes is 90.3%. Hence, the significant genes from the microarray study are good candidates for cell-type specific markers and will aid further investigation of retinal differentiation.</p

Las floraciones de cianobacterias tóxicas comprometen el uso del agua del Río Negro, Uruguay

Las floraciones de cianobacterias tóxicas generan impactos negativos a nivel ambiental, económico, y en la salud humana y animal. Se realizó un análisis de datos históricos (1989-2020, n = 423) y un experimento de enriquecimiento de nutrientes para estudiar las cianobacterias del Río Negro, principal río interno del país. En base a indicadores cuantitativos (biovolumen, abundancia de células de cianobacterias y observación visual), se definieron cuatro niveles de peligrosidad de exposición a cianobacterias tóxicas. Las cianobacterias más frecuentes (Microcystis sp. y Dolichospermum sp.) son productoras potenciales de diversas toxinas, incluyendo algunas que no han sido analizadas aún en Uruguay. Se advierte un deterioro ambiental creciente desde el año 2000, pautado por el aumento de la biomasa de cianobacterias y las concentraciones de toxinas (microcistinas). Los nutrientes en el agua indican eutrofización avanzada, asociada al incremento del área agrícola de la cuenca. Los resultados experimentales demostraron el papel clave de los nutrientes y el tiempo de residencia en el favorecimiento de estos organismos. Las floraciones tóxicas de cianobacterias amenazan seriamente los múltiples servicios ecosistémicos que brinda el río, siendo indispensable la instrumentación de planes de monitoreo de cianobacterias y medidas de manejo para controlar la eutrofización a largo plazo

Nitrogen and euphotic/mixing zone ratio explain cyanobacterial occurrence in small subtropical man-made lakes (Uruguay)

Las floraciones de cianobacterias potencialmente tóxicas son un problema global causado por el incremento de la eutrofización. Las causas del desarrollo de cianobacterias han sido ampliamente estudiadas en sistemas templados. Estos estudios son escasos en latitudes intermedias, sin embargo, son importantes para evaluar los efectos potenciales del cambio climático. Nuestro objetivo fue explicar las diferencias en la comunidad fitoplanctonica y la presencia de cianobacterias de siete lagos artificiales y eutróficos del sudeste uruguayo, en función de sus variables ambientales. Estudiamos la disponibilidad de recursos, mezcla, depredación y morfometría. Evaluamos experimentalmente la importancia relativa de nitrógeno y fósforo en el crecimiento de las comunidades naturales con cianobacterias. La composición específica del fitoplancton fue diferente en cada lago. Los factores determinantes de la estructura comunitaria fueron la disponibilidad de nitrógeno disuelto y la relación zona eufótica/mezcla. Algunos lagos estuvieron dominados por cianobacterias (Microcystis aeruginosa y Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) a pesar de las bajas temperaturas (11-12ºC). Encontramos aumento del crecimiento especies de gran tamaño (>10μm), incluyendo cianobacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno, frente al enriquecimiento con nitrato. Sin embargo, los organismos más pequeños (10 μm), including nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, increased their growth rates with increasing nitrate concentration. In contrast, smaller species (<10 μm) responded to increased phosphate concentration. We observed that there was no correspondence between massive growth of cyanobacteria and lower diversity systems.Fil: Fabre, Amelia. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Carballo, Carmela. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Hernandez, Esnedy. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Piriz, Pablo. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Bergamino, Leandro. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Mello, Luciana. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Gonzalez, Silvana. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Perez, German. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas "Clemente Estable"; UruguayFil: León, José Gabriel. Departamento General de Irrigación; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Aubriot, Luis. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Bonilla, Sylvia. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Kruk, Carla. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; Urugua

Blooms de cianobactérias tóxicas comprometem o uso da água do Rio Negro, Uruguai

Toxic cyanobacterial blooms generate negative environmental, economic and health impacts. We carried out an analysis of historical limnological data (1989-2020, n = 423) and we performed a nutrient enrichment experiment to study the cyanobacteria of Río Negro, the largest internal river of Uruguay. We defined four hazard levels of exposure to toxic cyanobacteria based on quantitative indicators (biovolume and abundance of cyanobacterial cells and visual observation). The most common cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp. and Dolichospermum sp.) are potential producers of various toxins, including some that have not yet been analyzed in Uruguay. Accelerating environmental deterioration since 2000 has been caused by an increase of cyanobacteria biomass and concentrations of toxins (microcystins). Nutrient concentrations indicated advanced eutrophication, associated with the increase in the area devoted to agriculture of ​​the watershed. Experimental results demonstrated the key role of nutrients and residence time in favoring these organisms. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms seriously threaten the multiple ecosystem services provided by the river, making it essential to implement cyanobacteria monitoring, and management plans to control eutrophication in the long term.  Las floraciones de cianobacterias tóxicas generan impactos negativos a nivel ambiental, económico, y en la salud humana y animal. Se realizó un análisis de datos históricos (1989-2020, n = 423) y un experimento de enriquecimiento de nutrientes para estudiar las cianobacterias del Río Negro, principal río interno del país. En base a indicadores cuantitativos (biovolumen, abundancia de células de cianobacterias y observación visual), se definieron cuatro niveles de peligrosidad de exposición a cianobacterias tóxicas. Las cianobacterias más frecuentes (Microcystis sp. y Dolichospermum sp.) son productoras potenciales de diversas toxinas, incluyendo algunas que no han sido analizadas aún en Uruguay. Se advierte un deterioro ambiental creciente desde el año 2000, pautado por el aumento de la biomasa de cianobacterias y las concentraciones de toxinas (microcistinas). Los nutrientes en el agua indican eutrofización avanzada, asociada al incremento del área agrícola de la cuenca. Los resultados experimentales demostraron el papel clave de los nutrientes y el tiempo de residencia en el favorecimiento de estos organismos. Las floraciones tóxicas de cianobacterias amenazan seriamente los múltiples servicios ecosistémicos que brinda el río, siendo indispensable la instrumentación de planes de monitoreo de cianobacterias y medidas de manejo para controlar la eutrofización a largo plazo.Blooms de cianobactérias tóxicas geram impactos ambientais e econômicos negativos, alem de danos à saúde humana e animal. Análise de dados históricos (1989-2020, n = 423) e um experimento de enriquecimento de nutrientes foram realizados para estudar as cianobactérias do Río Negro, o principal rio interno do Uruguai. Com base em indicadores quantitativos (biovolume e abundância de células cianobacterianas e observação visual) foram definidas quatro categorias de perigosidade de exposição a toxinas. As cianobactérias mais comuns (Microcystis sp. e Dolichospermum sp.) são produtoras potenciais de várias toxinas, algumas das quais nunca foram analisadas en Uruguai. Elevadas biomassas de cianobactérias  e concentrações das toxinas (microcistinas) foram encontradas desde 2000 com tendência a aumentar casos em categorias de alta perigosidade e alertando para a deterioração ambiental, a última década. Concentrações altas de nutrientes na água indicam eutrofização avançada associado com o aumento da área da bacia dedicada à agricultura. Os resultados experimentais demonstraram o papel fundamental dos nutrientes e do tempo de residencia no favorecimento de cianobactérias. A proliferação de cianobactérias tóxicas ameaçam seriamente os múltiplos serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pelo rio, tornando essencial a implementação de monitoramento de cianobactérias, planos de manejo e monitoreamento para controlar a eutrofização em longo prazo.

Synergistic effects of nutrients and light favor Nostocales over non-heterocystous cyanobacteria

Blooms of Nostocales (Cyanobacteria) are thought to be invading subtropical and temperate water bodies. According to nutrient stoichiometry and physiological differences between cyanobacterial groups, the replacement of non-heterocystous species by Nostocales is favored when dissolved inorganic nitrogen decreases. However, some studies have shown different trends. We used laboratory bioassays to evaluate the concomitant effects of light and nutrient enrichment on phytoplankton assemblages dominated by non-heterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria. Three nutrient conditions (no addition, addition of phosphate, and addition of nitrate and phosphate) and two light intensities (40 and 80 µmol photon m−2 s−1) were assayed. Nostocales replaced or co-dominated with non-heterocystous species in all treatments by the end of the study. The shift in community composition towards Nostocales dominance led to an increase in species richness, which suggests that species with different eco-physiological traits may have differential impacts on diversity. The highest saxitoxin concentrations were measured in no addition treatments, which could link production to nutritional stress. Nostocales featured high phenotypic plasticity in terms of changes in average trichome volume and growth rates. These results help to have a better understanding of the conditions under which Nostocales predominance can occur.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

The success of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in freshwaters is enhanced by the combined effects of light intensity and temperature

Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in freshwaters are thought to be a consequence of the combined effects of anthropogenic eutrophication and climate change. It is expected that climate change will affect water mixing regimes that alter the water transparency and ultimately the light environment for phytoplankton. Blooms of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii are expanding from tropical towards temperate regions. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this expansion, including an increase in water temperature due to climate change and the high phenotypic plasticity of the species that allows it to exploit different light environments. We performed an analysis based on eight lakes in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions to examine the distribution and abundance of C. raciborskii in relation to water temperature and transparency. We then conducted a series of short-term factorial experiments that combined three temperatures and two light intensity levels using C. raciborskii cultures alone and in interaction with another cyanobacterium to identify its growth capacity. Our results from the field, in contrast to predictions, showed no differences in dominance (>40% to the total biovolume) of C. raciborskii between climate regions. C. raciborskii was able to dominate the phytoplankton in a wide range of light environments (euphotic zone=1.5 to 5 m, euphotic zone/mixing zone ratio 1.5). Moreover, C. raciborskii was capable of dominating the phytoplankton at low temperatures (<15°C). Our experimental results showed that C. raciborskii growing in interaction was enhanced by the increase of the temperature and light intensity. C. raciborskii growth in high light intensities and at a wide range of temperatures, suggests that any advantage that this species may derive from climate change that favors its dominance in the phytoplankton is likely due to changes in the light environment rather than changes in temperature. Predictive models that consider only temperature as a drive factor can therefore fail in predicting the expansion of this potentially toxic cyanobacterium

Swift: A modern highly-parallel gravity and smoothed particle hydrodynamics solver for astrophysical and cosmological applications

Numerical simulations have become one of the key tools used by theorists in all the fields of astrophysics and cosmology. The development of modern tools that target the largest existing computing systems and exploit state-of-the-art numerical methods and algorithms is thus crucial. In this paper, we introduce the fully open-source highly-parallel, versatile, and modular coupled hydrodynamics, gravity, cosmology, and galaxy-formation code Swift. The software package exploits hybrid shared- and distributed-memory task-based parallelism, asynchronous communications, and domain-decomposition algorithms based on balancing the workload, rather than the data, to efficiently exploit modern high-performance computing cluster architectures. Gravity is solved for using a fast-multipole-method, optionally coupled to a particle mesh solver in Fourier space to handle periodic volumes. For gas evolution, multiple modern flavours of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics are implemented. Swiftalso evolves neutrinos using a state-of-the-art particle-based method. Two complementary networks of sub-grid models for galaxy formation as well as extensions to simulate planetary physics are also released as part of the code. An extensive set of output options, including snapshots, light-cones, power spectra, and a coupling to structure finders are also included. We describe the overall code architecture, summarise the consistency and accuracy tests that were performed, and demonstrate the excellent weak-scaling performance of the code using a representative cosmological hydrodynamical problem with ≈300 billion particles. The code is released to the community alongside extensive documentation for both users and developers, a large selection of example test problems, and a suite of tools to aid in the analysis of large simulations run with Swift