Corrective Lenses

This paper, which draws upon my fourteen years experience as a corrections officer, focuses on expanding boot camps in Michigan as an alternative to incarceration for some criminals.Master'sCollege of Arts and Sciences: Liberal StudiesUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117766/1/Bonds.pd

Law and the Climate of Consent

In your magistral relationship with the law, I urge you to broaden among all our people the climate of understanding which will strengthen the concept of dynamic consent. I urge you to speak out to your fellow citizens and challenge them to learn better to distinguish between what is wise and unwise, and to give their proper supportive consent to that which is creative and just

Law and the Climate of Consent

In your magistral relationship with the law, I urge you to broaden among all our people the climate of understanding which will strengthen the concept of dynamic consent. I urge you to speak out to your fellow citizens and challenge them to learn better to distinguish between what is wise and unwise, and to give their proper supportive consent to that which is creative and just

Improvements to a Flow Sensor for Liquid Bismuth-Fed Hall Thrusters

Recently, there has been significant interest in using bismuth metal as a propellant in Hall Thrusters [1, 2]. Bismuth offers some considerable cost, weight, and space savings over the traditional propellant--xenon. Quantifying the performance of liquid metal-fed Hall thrusters requires a very precise measure of the low propellant flow rates [1, 2]. The low flow rates (~10 mg/sec) and the temperature at which free flowing liquid bismuth exists (above 300 C) preclude the use of off-the-shelf flow sensing equipment [3]. Therefore a new type of sensor is required. The hotspot bismuth flow sensor, described in Refs. [1-5] is designed to perform a flow rate measurement by measuring the velocity at which a thermal feature moves through a flow chamber. The mass flow rate can be determined from the time of flight of the thermal peak, [4, 5]. Previous research and testing has been concerned mainly with the generation of the thermal peak and it's subsequent detection. In this paper, we present design improvements to the sensor concept; and the results of testing conducted to verify the functionality of these improvements. A ceramic material is required for the sensor body (see Fig. 1), which must allow for active heating of the bismuth flow channel to keep the propellant in a liquid state. The material must be compatible with bismuth and must be bonded to conductive elements to allow for conduction of current into the liquid metal and measurement of the temperature in the flow. The new sensor requires fabrication techniques that will allow for a very small diameter flow chamber, which is required to produce useful measurements. Testing of various materials has revealed several that are potentially compatible with liquid bismuth. Of primary concern in the fabrication and testing of a robust, working prototype, is the compatibility of the selected materials with one another. Specifically, the thermal expansion rates of the materials relative to the ceramic body cannot expand so much as to cause cracks in the body or cause the bond between parts to delaminate. Those parts that will carry the current pulse must be electrically conductive while the sensor body must be an electrical insulator. Generally, the material choices as well as the sensor design must aid to preserve the integrity of the thermal feature to obtain accurate measurements. The present aim is to also incorporate, into the sensor body, an active heating arrangement based on ceramic heater technology similar to that used in semiconductor manufacturing

Flow Control of Liquid Metal Propellants for In-Space Electric Propulsion Systems

Operation of Hall thrusters with bismuth propellant has been shown to be a promising path for development of high-power (140 kW per thruster), high performance (8000s I(sub sp at >70% efficiency) electric propulsion systems

A method for determining the central lateral position of a spray swath

Die Genauigkeit zweier Systeme, die bei der Applikation mit Luftfahrzeugen durch Versatz der Flugbahnen den Einfluss des Seitenwindes auf die Verteilung der Spritzflüssigkeit kompensieren sollen, wurde experimentell ermit­telt. Dabei wurden sehr unterschiedliche Verteilungsmuster festgestellt, so dass eine geeignete Berechnung der Position des Behandlungsstreifens gefunden werden musste. Zur Beschreibung der Position des Behandlungsstreifens wurde, in Anlehnung an die Berechnung des Schwerpunktes in der Mechanik, der Belagsschwerpunkt ermittelt. Die Berechnung wird im Beitrag beschrieben.An aerial swath offset experiment was conducted to measure the accuracy of two commercial navigational systems for compensation of cross wind influence. The swaths produced in this experiment presented many different deposit patterns. A method was required to determine a position for the differing distributions on the ground. This paper describes a possible solution of this problem. Equivalent to the centre of gravity in mechanics, the use of a Centre of Deposition calculation proved appropriate. The way of calculation is exemplified

Metro System of Local Government (A Survey)

Growth of many American cities into vast metropolitan communities of suburban cities, towns and villages clustered about the central city is creating complex problems of local government. Duplication of services and costs is matched by artificial compartmentalization of adjacent areas, all developing with little or no overall plan or logic.Herein, four outstanding community leaders examine the problem in terms of the situation in the Ohio area of Cuyahoga County, around the core city of Cleveland. Extracts from four speeches are set forth here, all delivered at a recent luncheon of the Cleveland-Marshall Alumni Association

Effect of Inductive Coil Geometry and Current Sheet Trajectory of a Conical Theta Pinch Pulsed Inductive Plasma Accelerator

Results are presented demonstrating the e ect of inductive coil geometry and current sheet trajectory on the exhaust velocity of propellant in conical theta pinch pulsed induc- tive plasma accelerators. The electromagnetic coupling between the inductive coil of the accelerator and a plasma current sheet is simulated, substituting a conical copper frustum for the plasma. The variation of system inductance as a function of plasma position is obtained by displacing the simulated current sheet from the coil while measuring the total inductance of the coil. Four coils of differing geometries were employed, and the total inductance of each coil was measured as a function of the axial displacement of two sep- arate copper frusta both having the same cone angle and length as the coil but with one compressed to a smaller size relative to the coil. The measured relationship between total coil inductance and current sheet position closes a dynamical circuit model that is used to calculate the resulting current sheet velocity for various coil and current sheet con gura- tions. The results of this model, which neglects the pinching contribution to thrust, radial propellant con nement, and plume divergence, indicate that in a conical theta pinch ge- ometry current sheet pinching is detrimental to thruster performance, reducing the kinetic energy of the exhausting propellant by up to 50% (at the upper bound for the parameter range of the study). The decrease in exhaust velocity was larger for coils and simulated current sheets of smaller half cone angles. An upper bound for the pinching contribution to thrust is estimated for typical operating parameters. Measurements of coil inductance for three di erent current sheet pinching conditions are used to estimate the magnetic pressure as a function of current sheet radial compression. The gas-dynamic contribution to axial acceleration is also estimated and shown to not compensate for the decrease in axial electromagnetic acceleration that accompanies the radial compression of the plasma in conical theta pinches

「個人向け国債」を考える : 将来ビジョンの中での位置づけ

はじめに　1. わが国における国債発行の現状　2. 「個人向け国債」の特質　3. アメリカ貯蓄債権の概要　4. 「個人向け国債」の評価を考える　5. 証券教育の早期実施を