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Gendered Habitus in Engineering: Experiences of Brazilian Students
This paper discusses the ways in which an ‘engineering habitus’, that in the first instance presents itself as a predominantly masculinized habitus - because its inclinations, competences and dispositions are homologous to the cultural repertoire traditionally associated with men – may change with the growing presence of women in the field. We draw from the perspective advanced by Bourdieu, in particular the key notions of habitus, capital and field, to explore how particular competences, dispositions and classificatory principles operate in the field of engineering. The study is based on qualitative in-depth analysis of the socialization trajectories of 10 students (five men and five women) enrolled in an engineering degree in a publicly-funded Brazilian university, as well as on quantitative secondary data about the students. This is placed in broader national and international contexts. The socialization trajectories of both women and men studying engineering demonstrate that the experiences of women are patterned by a double bind in cultural repertoires, which affect traditional associations with gender. An engineering gendered habitus not conforming to the stereotypical and dominant masculine is in evidence, as women not only develop competences and dispositions homologous to the traditional masculine habitus, but also show inclinations and affinities commonly associated with femininity. The study advances the hypothesis that the growing participation of women in engineering drives this process, challenging traditional gender divisions and propelling a more flexible gendered engineering habitus in the field. We propose that the phenomenon discussed here deserves further investigation
Spectrum of the Anomalous Microwave Emission in the North Celestial Pole with WMAP 7-Year data
We estimate the frequency spectrum of the diffuse anomalous microwave
emission (AME) on the North Celestial Pole (NCP) region of the sky with the
Correlated Component Analysis (CCA) component separation method applied to WMAP
7-yr data. The NCP is a suitable region for this analysis because the AME is
weakly contaminated by synchrotron and free-free emission. By modeling the AME
component as a peaked spectrum we estimate the peak frequency to be
\,GHz, in agreement with previous analyses which favored \,GHz. The ability of our method to correctly recover the position of the
peak is verified through simulations. We compare the estimated AME spectrum
with theoretical spinning dust models to constrain the hydrogen density . The best results are obtained with densities around 0.2--0.3\,cm,
typical of warm ionised medium (WIM) to warm neutral medium (WNM) conditions.
The degeneracy with the gas temperature prevents an accurate determination of
, especially for low hydrogen ionization fractions, where densities
of a few cm are also allowed.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, published in Advances in Astronom
Foreground removal for Square Kilometre Array observations of the Epoch of Reionization with the Correlated Component Analysis
We apply the Correlated Component Analysis (CCA) method on simulated data of
the Square Kilometre Array, with the aim of accurately cleaning the 21 cm
reionization signal from diffuse foreground contamination. The CCA has been
developed for the Cosmic Microwave Background, but the application of the
Fourier-domain implementation of this method to the reionization signal is
straightforward.
The CCA is a parametric method to estimate the frequency behaviour of the
foregrounds from the data by using second-order statistics. We test its
performance on foreground simulations of increasing complexity, designed to
challenge the parametric models adopted. We also drop the assumption of
spectral smoothness that most of the methods rely upon. We are able to clean
effectively the simulated data across the explored frequency range (100-200
MHz) for all the foreground simulations. This shows that the CCA method is very
promising for EoR component separation.Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures, accepted by MNRA
Identification problems in the solution of linearized DSGE models
This article analyzes identification problems that may arise while linearizing and solving DSGE models. A criterion is proposed to determine whether or not a set of parameters is partially identifiable, in the sense of Canova and Sala (2009), based on the computation of a basis for the null space of the Jacobian matrix of the function mapping the parameters with the coefficients in the solution of the model.Parameter identification, DSGE models Classification JEL:C13, C51, C52, E32
A CHARACTERIZATION OF HOMOGENEOUS PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS
This paper states a theorem that characterizes homogeneous production functions in terms of the ratio of average to marginal costs. The theorem claims that a production function is homogeneous of degree k if and only if the ratio of average costs to marginal costs is constant and equal to k. In order to prove the theorem two lemmas -with theoretical value of their own- are demonstrated before hand: the first one establishes that a production function is homogeneous of degree k if and only if its elasticity of scale is k; the second one determines the conditions on the production function under which any input vector can be an optimum, for some choice of the price vector and the level of production.Elasticity of scale, homogeneous production functions, returns to scale, average costs, and marginal costs
Foreground removal requirements for measuring large-scale CMB B-modes in light of BICEP2
The most convincing confirmation that the B-mode polarization signal detected
at degree scales by BICEP2 is due to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
would be the measurement of its large-scale counterpart. We assess the
requirements for diffuse component separation accuracy over large portions of
the sky in order to measure the large-scale B-mode signal corresponding to a
tensor to scalar ratio of r=0.1-0.2.
We use the method proposed by Bonaldi & Ricciardi (2011) to forecast the
performances of different simulated experiments taking into account noise and
foreground removal issues. We do not consider instrumental systematics, and we
implicitly assume that they are not the dominant source of error. If this is
the case, the confirmation of an r=0.1-0.2 signal is achievable by Planck even
for conservative assumptions regarding the accuracy of foreground cleaning. Our
forecasts suggest that the combination of this experiment with BICEP2 will lead
to an improvement of 25-45% in the constraint on r.
A next-generation CMB polarization satellite, represented in this work by the
COrE experiment, can reduce dramatically (by almost another order of magnitude)
the uncertainty on r. In this case, however, the accuracy of foreground removal
becomes critical to fully benefit from the increase in sensitivity.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. Accepted by MNRA
Forecast B-modes detection at large scales in presence of noise and foregrounds
We investigate the detectability of the primordial CMB polarization B-mode
power spectrum on large scales in the presence of instrumental noise and
realistic foreground contamination. We have worked out a method to estimate the
errors on component separation and to propagate them up to the power spectrum
estimation. The performances of our method are illustrated by applying it to
the instrumental specifications of the Planck satellite and to the proposed
configuration for the next generation CMB polarization experiment COrE. We
demonstrate that a proper component separation step is required in order
achieve the detection of B-modes on large scales and that the final sensitivity
to B-modes of a given experiment is determined by a delicate balance between
noise level and residual foregrounds, which depend on the set of frequencies
exploited in the CMB reconstruction, on the signal-to-noise of each frequency
map, and on our ability to correctly model the spectral behavior of the
foreground components. We have produced a flexible software tool that allows
the comparison of performances on B-mode detection of different instrumental
specifications (choice of frequencies, noise level at each frequency, etc.) as
well as of different proposed approaches to component separation.Comment: 7 pages, 2 tables, 1 figure, accepted by MNRA
Representations and Identities for homogeneous Technologies
Using up to nine different ways to represent a homogeneous technology, this paper proves explicit one to one identities between most of those different representations of a technology, outlining the homogeneity properties of each representation. These identities, which allow to shift from one representation of a technology to another -and which are summarized in a matrix of identities - can be useful since they provide a tool to obtain explicit functional forms forhomogeneous technologies. They can also be useful to simplify computational procedures when different representations of a technology are needed. Finally, the document also refers explicitly to some aspects of producer theory that are often neglected or treated in a marginal way in the literature, such as the inverse supply, the non conditional cost and the inverse input demandfunctions.Identities, homogeneous production functions and firm theory
Sunyaev-Zel'dovich profiles and scaling relations: modelling effects and observational biases
We use high-resolution hydrodynamic re-simulations to investigate the
properties of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect from galaxy clusters.
We compare results obtained using different physical models for the
intracluster medium (ICM), and show how they modify the SZ emission in terms of
cluster profiles and scaling relations. We also produce realistic mock
observations to verify whether the results from hydrodynamic simulations can be
confirmed. We find that SZ profiles depend marginally on the modelled physical
processes, while they exhibit a strong dependence on cluster mass. The central
and total SZ emission strongly correlate with the cluster X-ray luminosity and
temperature. The logarithmic slopes of these scaling relations differ from the
self-similar predictions by less than 0.2; the normalization of the relations
is lower for simulations including radiative cooling. The observational test
suggests that SZ cluster profiles are unlikely to be able to probe the ICM
physics. The total SZ decrement appears to be an observable much more robust
than the central intensity, and we suggest using the former to investigate
scaling relations.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures, accepted by MNRA
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