« Creutes » et réseaux de défenses dans les paysages de guerre, exemple du Mont-Chatte (Hermonville, France)

L’approche spatiale de la Grande Guerre à partir des plans directeurs montre que sur le front ouest, marqué par la guerre de position, les réseaux de défense structurés en positions et en lignes de tranchées, s’organisent selon les potentialités et contraintes naturelles (reliefs, eau, masque de la végétation) et les logiques militaires (crêtes de tirs, sites d’observation). Les carrières souterraines du Soissonnais (creutes) et du nord-ouest de Reims, creusées dans les Calcaires grossiers du Lutétien moyen sont englobées dans les réseaux de défense. Les militaires aménagent les carrières pour le cantonnement (ventilation, électrification, dégagement des remblais), creusent des tunnels de liaison en s’adaptant à la karstification, à la fracturation et aux écoulements qui existent dans l’encaissant calcaire. Dans le secteur du Mont Chatté (Hermonville), ces actions morphogènes sont observées sous terre et révélées par l’image lidar aéroporté (verses de carrières sur le front de cuesta, entonnoirs de soutirage associés aux cavités, boyaux d’accès aux bouches de cavage, etc.). Poilus, Tommies et soldats allemands produisent de très nombreux graffitis, sculptures et traces pariétales qui constituent un patrimoine souterrain original.The spatial approach of the Great War from the directing plans shows that on the western front, characterized by trench warfare, the defense networks structured in positions and in trench lines, are organized according to natural potentialities and constraints (reliefs, water, mask of vegetation) and military logics (cannon range, observation sites). The underground quarries of Soissonnais (creutes) and north-west of Reims, dug in the coarse limestones of the Middle Lutetian are included in the defense networks. The soldiers set up the quarries for the cantonment (ventilation, electrification, clearance of embankments), dig tunnels of connection by adapting to the karstification, the fracturing and the flows which exist in the limestone country. In the Mont Chatté (Hermonville) sector, these morphogenic actions are observed underground and revealed by the airborne Lidar image (quarries on the cuesta front, filler funnels associated with the cavities, communication trench to the quarries entrance, etc ...) .Poilus, Tommies and German soldiers produce many graffiti, sculptures and parietal traces that constitute an original underground heritage

Elucidation of the ATP7B N-Domain Mg2+-ATP Coordination Site and Its Allosteric Regulation

The diagnostic of orphan genetic disease is often a puzzling task as less attention is paid to the elucidation of the pathophysiology of these rare disorders at the molecular level. We present here a multidisciplinary approach using molecular modeling tools and surface plasmonic resonance to study the function of the ATP7B protein, which is impaired in the Wilson disease. Experimentally validated in silico models allow the elucidation in the Nucleotide binding domain (N-domain) of the Mg2+-ATP coordination site and answer to the controversial role of the Mg2+ ion in the nucleotide binding process. The analysis of protein motions revealed a substantial effect on a long flexible loop branched to the N-domain protein core. We demonstrated the capacity of the loop to disrupt the interaction between Mg2+-ATP complex and the N-domain and propose a role for this loop in the allosteric regulation of the nucleotide binding process

Drug screening on Hutchinson Gilford progeria pluripotent stem cells reveals aminopyrimidines as new modulators of farnesylation

International audienceHutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a dramatic appearance of premature aging. HGPS is due to a single-base substitution in exon 11 of the LMNA gene (c.1824C>T) leading to the production of a toxic form of the prelamin A protein called progerin. Because farnesylation process had been shown to control progerin toxicity, in this study we have developed a screening method permitting to identify new pharmacological inhibitors of farnesylation. For this, we have used the unique potential of pluripotent stem cells to have access to an unlimited and relevant biological resource and test 21 608 small molecules. This study identified several compounds, called monoaminopyrimidines, which target two key enzymes of the farnesylation process, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and farnesyl transferase, and rescue in vitro phenotypes associated with HGPS. Our results opens up new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of HGPS by identifying a new family of protein farnesylation inhibitors, and which may also be applicable to cancers and diseases associated with mutations that involve farnesylated proteins

Impacts environnementaux et approches spatiales de la Grande Guerre

La récente production éditoriale sur la Guerre 14-18 est pléthorique alors que la place de la géographie et des géosciences dans le conflit apparait marginale voire absente. Ce numéro de la Revue propose de découvrir les dernières recherches scientifiques de la Grande Guerre avec cet autre regard