48 research outputs found

    Anterior-Posterior Axis Plasticity in the Developing Nervous System of Xenopus laevis

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    The establishment of the anterior-posterior (AP) axis is an essential step in the development of the central nervous system. In the model vertebrate organism Xenopus laevis, AP neural patterning begins during the late blastula stage and continues through gastrulation. Although the patterning of the nervous system in normal conditions has been extensively studied, less is known about how this process is able to regulate in the face of environmental perturbations. This study aims to characterize the extent and molecular basis of neural axis plasticity in Xenopus laevis by investigating the response of embryos to a 180-degree rotation of their AP neural axis during gastrulation. Embryos were assessed for the expression of regional marker genes using in situ hybridization, and also underwent global gene expression analysis using RNA-Sequencing. Our results suggest that there is a window of time between the mid- and late-gastrula stage during which embryos are able to recover from a 180-degree rotation of their neural axis and then lose this ability. At the mid-gastrula stage, embryos are able to recover from neural axis rotation and correctly express regional marker genes. By the late-gastrula stage, embryos show misregulation of regional marker genes following neural axis rotation and differential expression of genes important for neural development and patterning. Heterochronic transplants between donor and host embryos of different stages indicate that both the presumptive neural ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm play an important role in this plasticity

    Tissue rotation of the Xenopus anterior–posterior neural axis reveals profound but transient plasticity at the mid-gastrula stage

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    The establishment of anterior-posterior (AP) regional identity is an essential step in the appropriate development of the vertebrate central nervous system. An important aspect of AP neural axis formation is the inherent plasticity that allows developing cells to respond to and recover from the various perturbations that embryos continually face during the course of development. While the mechanisms governing the regionalization of the nervous system have been extensively studied, relatively less is known about the nature and limits of early neural plasticity of the anterior-posterior neural axis. This study aims to characterize the degree of neural axis plasticity i

    Adventures of Doctor Schaffer in Hawaii, 1815-1819

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    Achieving comparability of morphometric and model histogenetic-morphogenetic data using global optimization test functions

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    Any theoretical construction in morphological modeling is useful only when it can be linked to the practice. Any formalism is not optimal for describing the processes of morphogenesis, if it is not comparable with the shape of tissue structures. Thus, it is necessary to find the best approximation for the correct comparison of the experimental and theoretical results. Proposed in this paper, the use of test functions for genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming, and swarm optimization for the approximation of the morphogenesis of cellular structures and their models is a mathematical step towards the implementation of the thesis of the analyzed article author (Gradov O.V., 2011), deduced not precise enough. There are other ways of analytical approximation for this case, but they have no fundamental differences in terms of their ease of use in mathematical biology. Achieved in this way comparability of morphometric and model histogenetic-morphogenetic data can be used in mathematical and morphological analysis and modeling in histology and embryology

    ДосягнСння порівнянності ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ– ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… гістогСнСтичних-ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… Π·Π° допомогою тСстових Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡ— ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΡ–Π·Π°Ρ†Ρ–Ρ—.

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    Any theoretical construction in morphological modeling is useful only when it can be linked to the practice. Any formalism is not optimal for describing the processes of morphogenesis, if it is not comparable with the shape of tissue structures. Thus, it is necessary to find the best approximation for the correct comparison of the experimental and theoretical results. Proposed in this paper, the use of test functions for genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming, and swarm optimization for the approximation of the morphogenesis of cellular structures and their models is a mathematical step towards the implementation of the thesis of the analyzed article author (Gradov O.V., 2011), deduced not precise enough. There are other ways of analytical approximation for this case, but they have no fundamental differences in terms of their ease of use in mathematical biology. Achieved in this way comparability of morphometric and model histogenetic-morphogenetic data can be used in mathematical and morphological analysis and modeling in histology and embryology.Π›ΡŽΠ±Π°Ρ тСорСтичСская конструкция Π² морфологичСском ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ смысл Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ привязана ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π›ΡŽΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π½Π΅ являСтся ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ для описания процСссов ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°, Ссли ΠΎΠ½ нСсопоставим Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… структур. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… аппроксимаций для ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сопоставлСния ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ расчСтных Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² настоящСй Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ использованиС тСстовых Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ для гСнСтичСских Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ программирования ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ аппроксимации ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… структур ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ являСтся матСматичСским шагом ΠΊ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ (Π“Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ² О.Π’., 2011), Π²Ρ‹Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… нСдостаточно Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ. Π‘ΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ способы аналитичСской аппроксимации для Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ случая, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ всС Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния удобства примСнСния ΠΈΡ… Π² матСматичСской Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. ДостигаСмая Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ морфомСтричСских ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… гистогСнСтичСских-морфогСнСтичСских Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-морфологичСском Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² гистологии ΠΈ эмбриологии.Π‘ΡƒΠ΄ΡŒ-яка Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° конструкція Π² ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŽΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ– ΠΌΠ°Ρ” сСнс лишС Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ–, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²'язана Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π‘ΡƒΠ΄ΡŒ-який Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»Ρ–Π·ΠΌ Π½Π΅ Ρ” ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΌ для опису процСсів ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Ρƒ, якщо Π²Ρ–Π½ нСпорівнянний Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ– Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ… структур. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…Ρ–Π΄Π½Π΅ знаходТСння ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… апроксимацій для ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ зіставлСння Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… Ρ– Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ–Π². Π—Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π² Ρ†Ρ–ΠΉ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ– використання тСстових Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ для Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌΡ–Π², Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†Ρ–ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ програмування Ρ– Ρ€ΠΎΠΉΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ— ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΡ–Π·Π°Ρ†Ρ–Ρ— ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ апроксимації ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Ρƒ ΠΊΠ»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ… структур Ρ– Ρ—Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ” ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ виконання полоТСнь Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ— статті (Π“Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ² О.Π’., 2011), Π²ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ… Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π½ΡŒΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ. Π†ΡΠ½ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΉ Ρ–Π½ΡˆΡ– способи Π°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡ— апроксимації для Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΡƒ, Π°Π»Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ всі Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… відмінностСй Π· Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ Π·ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ зручності застосування Ρ—Ρ… Π² ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ–ΠΉ Π±Ρ–ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ—. ΠŸΠΎΡ€Ρ–Π²Π½ΡΠ½Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ– ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… гістогСнСтичних-ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ…, яка Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Π·Ρ– Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŽΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ– Π² гістології Ρ‚Π° Π΅ΠΌΠ±Ρ€Ρ–ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ—

    How I Became a Historian

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