3,707 research outputs found
Evaluation of atmospheric density models and preliminary functional specifications for the Langley Atmospheric Information Retrieval System (LAIRS)
This document presents the results of an extensive survey and comparative evaluation of current atmosphere and wind models for inclusion in the Langley Atmospheric Information Retrieval System (LAIRS). It includes recommended models for use in LAIRS, estimated accuracies for the recommended models, and functional specifications for the development of LAIRS
Systematic literature review on the delays in the diagnosis and misdiagnosis of cluster headache
Introduction
Patients with cluster headache (CH), the most common trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia, often face delayed diagnosis, misdiagnosis and mismanagement.
Objectives
To identify, appraise and synthesise clinical studies on the delays in diagnosis and misdiagnosis of CH in order to determine its causes and help the management of this condition.
Methods
The systematic review was prepared, conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. It was registered with International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. A systematic search of different electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, BNI, HMIC, AMED, HBE and Cochrane Library) was carried out in May 2017. Reference lists of relevant articles were hand searched.
Results
The search identified 201 unique studies. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria of which 13 case series studies and two survey studies. Nine studies assessed the delays in diagnosis and misdiagnosis of CH, five studies the delays in diagnosis and one study the misdiagnosis of CH. The studies included 4661 patients. Delays in diagnosis, misdiagnosis and mismanagement have been reported in many European countries, Japan and in the USA with well-developed health services. The patients with CH often visited many different clinicians, surgeons and dentists and received multiple diagnosis prior to being correctly diagnosed.
Conclusion
This systematic review shows that the delays in the diagnosis of CH are a widespread problem, the time to diagnosis still vary from country to country and both patients and physicians are responsible for the delays in diagnosis
APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: II. Distribution and origin of warm molecular gas
The origin and heating mechanisms of warm (50<T<200 K) molecular gas in
low-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) are strongly debated. Both passive
heating of the inner collapsing envelope by the protostellar luminosity as well
as active heating by shocks and by UV associated with the outflows or accretion
have been proposed. We aim to characterize the warm gas within protosteller
objects, and disentangle contributions from the (inner) envelope, bipolar
outflows and the quiescent cloud. High-J CO maps (12CO J=6--5 and 7--6) of the
immediate surroundings (up to 10,000 AU) of eight low-mass YSOs are obtained
with the CHAMP+ 650/850 GHz array receiver mounted on the APEX telescope. In
addition, isotopologue observations of the 13CO J=6--5 transition and [C I]
3P_2-3P_1 line were taken. Strong quiescent narrow-line 12CO 6--5 and 7--6
emission is seen toward all protostars. In the case of HH~46 and Ced 110 IRS 4,
the on-source emission originates in material heated by UV photons scattered in
the outflow cavity and not just by passive heating in the inner envelope. Warm
quiescent gas is also present along the outflows, heated by UV photons from
shocks. Shock-heated warm gas is only detected for Class 0 flows and the more
massive Class I sources such as HH~46. Outflow temperatures, estimated from the
CO 6--5 and 3--2 line wings, are ~100 K, close to model predictions, with the
exception of the L~1551 IRS 5 and IRAS 12496-7650, for which temperatures <50 K
are found. APEX-CHAMP+ is uniquely suited to directly probe a protostar's
feedback on its accreting envelope gas in terms of heating, photodissociation,
and outflow dispersal by mapping 1'x1' regions in high-J CO and [C I] lines.Comment: 18 pages, accepted by A&A, A version with the figures in higher
quality can be found on my website: http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~tvankemp
A New Galactic 6cm Formaldehyde Maser
We report the detection of a new H2CO maser in the massive star forming
region G23.71-0.20 (IRAS 18324-0820), i.e., the fifth region in the Galaxy
where H2CO maser emission has been found. The new H2CO maser is located toward
a compact HII region, and is coincident in velocity and position with 6.7 GHz
methanol masers and with an IR source as revealed by Spitzer/IRAC GLIMPSE data.
The coincidence with an IR source and 6.7 GHz methanol masers suggests that the
maser is in close proximity to an embedded massive protostar. Thus, the
detection of H2CO maser emission toward G23.71-0.20 supports the trend that
H2CO 6cm masers trace molecular material very near young massive stellar
objects.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letter
An exactly solvable coarse-grained model for species diversity
We present novel analytical results about ecosystem species diversity that
stem from a proposed coarse grained neutral model based on birth-death
processes. The relevance of the problem lies in the urgency for understanding
and synthesizing both theoretical results of ecological neutral theory and
empirical evidence on species diversity preservation. Neutral model of
biodiversity deals with ecosystems in the same trophic level where per-capita
vital rates are assumed to be species-independent. Close-form analytical
solutions for neutral theory are obtained within a coarse-grained model, where
the only input is the species persistence time distribution. Our results
pertain: the probability distribution function of the number of species in the
ecosystem both in transient and stationary states; the n-points connected time
correlation function; and the survival probability, definned as the
distribution of time-spans to local extinction for a species randomly sampled
from the community. Analytical predictions are also tested on empirical data
from a estuarine fish ecosystem. We find that emerging properties of the
ecosystem are very robust and do not depend on specific details of the model,
with implications on biodiversity and conservation biology.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures. To appear in Journal of Statistichal Mechanic
The Formaldehyde Masers in Sgr B2: Very Long Baseline Array and Very Large Array Observations
Observations of two of the formaldehyde (H2CO) masers (A and D) in Sgr B2
using the VLBA+Y27 (resolution ~0.01") and the VLA (resolution ~9") are
presented. The VLBA observations show compact sources (<10 milliarcseconds, <80
AU) with brightness temperatures >10^8 K. The maser sources are partially
resolved in the VLBA observations. The flux densities in the VLBA observations
are about 1/2 those of the VLA; and, the linewidths are about 2/3 of the VLA
values. The applicability of a core-halo model for the emission distribution is
demonstrated. Comparison with earlier H2CO absorption observations and with
ammonia (NH3) observations suggests that H2CO masers form in shocked gas.
Comparison of the integrated flux densities in current VLA observations with
those in previous observations indicates that (1) most of the masers have
varied in the past 20 years, and (2) intensity variations are typically less
than a factor of two compared to the 20-year mean. No significant linear or
circular polarization is detected with either instrument.Comment: 20 pages, 3 figures, 5 tables, accepted to Ap
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