Electrolitos, frecuencia cardiaca y variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en el periparto de vacas holstein

No existen estudios que correlacionen electrolitos con la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) en el periparto de vacas. En teoría las concentraciones de electrolitos en suero pueden afectar la VFC directamente al influir sobre la excitabilidad del músculo cardiaco. Se estudiaron 23 vacas de la raza holstein. Los índices de VFC se analizaron en seis momentos mediante la electrocardiografía. Se evaluaron los índices en el método del dominio del tiempo y frecuencia, desviación estándar de las diferencias entre latidos consecutivos (SDNN), raíz cuadrada del promedio de las diferencias entre intervalos sucesivos elevadas al cuadrado (RMSSD), baja frecuencia (LF) y alta frecuencia (HF), así como la relación LF/HF. Se midieron las concentraciones de Ca2+, Mg2+ y Pi por medio de espectrofotómetria y Na+ y K+ mediante fotometría. La FC aumentó en el día antes del parto y luego disminuyó después del parto. Los índices parasimpáticos de RMSSD y HF aumentaron. El índice simpatovagal de relación LF/HF disminuyó significativamente. Las concentraciones de los electrolitos Ca2+ y Pi disminuyeron después del parto mientras el Na+ aumentó. El día antes del parto el índice LF aumentó, mientras que la HF disminuyó, lo que indica la modulación de la FC y la ventilación por el nervio vago. El K+ un día antes del parto mostró una fuerte asociación con el índice de HF. El día después del parto la correlación entre el K y la FC, HF y LF mostró una fuerte asociació

Diagnosis of mycobacteria in bovine milk: an overview

Tuberculosis remains as the world’s biggest threat. In 2014, human tuberculosis ranked as a major infectious disease by the first time, overcoming HIV death rates. Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic disease of global distribution that affects animals and can be transmitted to humans by the consumption of raw milk, representing a serious public health concern. Despite the efforts of different countries to control and eradicate bovine tuberculosis, the high negative economic impact on meat and milk production chains remains, given the decreased production efficiency (approximately 25%), the high number of condemned carcasses, and increased animal culling rates. This scenario has motivated the establishment of official programs based on regulations and diagnostic procedures. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis are the major pathogenic species to humans and bovines, respectively, nontuberculous mycobacteria within the Mycobacterium genus have become increasingly important in recent decades due to human infections, including the ones that occur in immunocompetent people. Diagnosis of mycobacteria can be performed by microbiological culture from tissue samples (lymph nodes, lungs) and secretions (sputum, milk). In general, these pathogens demand special nutrient requirements for isolation/growth, and the use of selective and rich culture media. Indeed, within these genera, mycobacteria are classified as either fast- or slow-growth microorganisms. Regarding the latter ones, incubation times can vary from 45 to 90 days. Although microbiological culture is still considered the gold standard method for diagnosis, molecular approaches have been increasingly used. We describe here an overview of the diagnosis of Mycobacterium species in bovine milk

Nontuberculous mycobacteria in milk from positive cows in the intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test: implications for human tuberculosis infections

Although the tuberculin test represents the main in vivo diagnostic method used in the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis, few studies have focused on the identification of mycobacteria in the milk from cows positive to the tuberculin test. The aim of this study was to identify Mycobacterium species in milk samples from cows positive to the comparative intradermal test. Milk samples from 142 cows positive to the comparative intradermal test carried out in 4,766 animals were aseptically collected, cultivated on Lowenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media and incubated for up to 90 days. Colonies compatible with mycobacteria were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen to detect acid-fast bacilli, while to confirm the Mycobacterium genus, conventional PCR was performed. Fourteen mycobacterial strains were isolated from 12 cows (8.4%). The hsp65 gene sequencing identified M. engbaekii (n=5), M. arupense (n=4), M. nonchromogenicum (n=3), and M. heraklionense (n=2) species belong to the Mycobacterium terrae complex. Despite the absence of M. tuberculosis complex species in the milk samples, identification of these mycobacteria highlights the risk of pathogen transmission from bovines to humans throughout milk or dairy products, since many of mycobacterial species described here have been reported in pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised people

Indicadores de qualidade do leite de vacas criadas no sistema silvipastoril

The silvopastoral system is characterized by increasing the production of milk with a greater number of cows per hectare due to the higher amount of protein in the diet. In silvopastoral system cows are fed in addition to pasture, with small trees and shrubs. The aim of present study was determinate the main indicators of milk quality and mastitis causal agents in cows bred on silvopastoral system. We evaluated the composition (fat, protein, lactose, solids, dry extract, nonfat dry and urea nitrogen), somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC), occurrence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, microbiological isolation, in vitro bacterial sensitivity profile and detection of antimicrobial/multiplication inhibitors residues in milk produced by cows raised in silvopastoral systems, as well as the bulk tank and churns in farms of Cauca Valley, Colombia. The concentration of the major constituents of milk were 3.24% fat, 3.27% protein, 4.40% lactose, 10.62% dry extract, 8.57% nonfat dry and 15.82 mg/dL urea nitrogen, while the bulk tank and churns was: 3.51% fat, 3.20% protein, 4.34% lactose, 11.72% dry extract, 8.47% nonfat dry and 14.57 mg/dL urea nitrogen. The cell count of the cows and the bulk tank were 141,252.75 CS/mL and 363,078.05 CS/mL, respectively. The TBC mean in cows and the bulk tank were 4,466.84 CFU/mL and 24.547.01 CFU/mL respectively. The main microorganisms isolated from the udder cows were Staphylococcus spp. (17%), Corynebacterium bovis (5%), Staphylococcus aureus (4%), Streptococcus spp. (3%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (2%) and Staphylococcus hyicus (1%), while the bulk tank and churns were identified more often Streptococcus spp. (29%), Enterobacter cloacae (14%), Hafnia alveii (14%) and Streptococcus α-haemolytic (14%). Antimicrobial residues in cow milk and bulk or churn were detected in 30% and 86% respectively. The silvopastoral system is a good alternative to cow nutrition, however is important the ...O sistema silvipastoril caracteriza-se por aumentar a produção de leite, com maior número de vacas por hectare, devido ao maior aporte de proteína na dieta. No sistema silvipastoril as vacas possuem a disposição para alimentação, além do pasto, pequenas árvores e arbustos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os principais indicadores de qualidade do leite e agentes causais de mastite em vacas criadas em sistema silvipastoril. Foram avaliadas a composição (teor de gordura, proteína, lactose, extrato seco, extrato seco desengordurado e nitrogênio ureico), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT), ocorrência de mastite clínica e subclínica, isolamento microbiológico, perfil de sensibilidade bacteriana “in vitro” e detecção de resíduos de antimicrobianos/inibidores da multiplicação de micro-organismos, no leite de vacas, e do tanque de expansão e latões em propriedades do Vale do Cauca, Colômbia. Os teores médios dos principais constituintes do leite foram: 3,24% de gordura, 3,27% de proteína, 4,40% de lactose, 10,62% de extrato seco, 8,57% de extrato seco desengordurado e 15,82 mg/dL de nitrogênio ureico, enquanto do tanque de expansão e latões foi: 3,51% de gordura, 3,20% de proteína, 4,34% de lactose, 11,72% de extrato seco, 8,47% extrato seco desengordurado e 14,57 mg/dL de nitrogênio ureico. A celularidade média dos quartos mamários e do tanque de expansão e latões foram 141.252,75 CS/mL e 363.078,05 CS/mL, respectivamente. A CBT média dos quartos mamários e do tanque de expansão foram 4.466,84 UFC/mL e 24.547,01 UFC/mL respectivamente. Os principais micro-organismos isolados dos quartos mamários foram Staphylococcus spp. (17%), Corynebacterium bovis (5%), Staphylococcus aureus (4%), Streptococcus spp. (3%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (2%) e Staphylococcus hyicus (1%), enquanto do tanque de expansão e latões foram identificados Streptococcus spp. (29%), ..

Comparación de dos combinaciones de anestésicos inyectables utilizados en laparotomía medial para recuperación de embriones en ovejas criollas colombianas

En el campo, el uso de anestésicos halogenados es difícil, por lo que el uso de agentes inyectables es una herramienta esencial de la práctica anestésica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar dos protocolos de anestésicos inyectables multimodales y determinar el adecuado protocolo para realizar una laparatomía medial y recuperar embriones en ovejas. Se utilizaron 16 ovejas criollas adultas y sanas. Los animales se asignaron al azar para recibir xilazine 2 mg/kg PC IM y de ketamina 10 mg/kg PC IV (XK grupo) o una infusión continua de solución al 5 % de xilazine (50 mg), ketamina (500 mg) y de guaifenesina (500 mL) a una tasa de 2,2 mL/kg/h IV (grupo XKG). Frecuencia cardiaca y respiratoria, motilidad del rumen y temperatura corporal se evaluaron antes de la anestesia, después de la inducción y durante la recuperación. La inducción se evaluó según los espasmos musculares, nistagmo y movimiento de las extremidades. La anestesia se valora en función del tiempo, relajación mandibular, sensibilidad cutánea y reflejos. La recuperación se evaluó a una escala de agente anestésico (0-10). Los parámetros cardiorrespiratorios disminuyeron por debajo de los valores basales después de la inducción de anestesia en ambos grupos. Entre los grupos, hubo una diferencia significativa en el tiempo de decúbito (XK: 9,06 ± 73 min XKG: 7,81 ± 53 min) y la recuperación (XK: 53,13 ± 5,3 min XKG: 98,38 ± 5,71 min). Los cambios en el sistema cardiopulmonar fueron similares en ambos regímenes anestésicos, y estaban dentro de rangos clínicos aceptables. Se concluye que, en intervenciones quirúrgicas cortas, la anestesia xilacina-ketamina proporciona una rápida inducción, el mantenimiento de los parámetros fisiológicos dentro de los límites óptimos y una recuperación rápida

Índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos, concentração inibitória mínima e ESBL fenotípica em linhagens de Proteus mirabilis e Proteus vulgaris isoladas de diferentes afecções em animais domésticos

Proteus spp. are opportunistic multidrug resistant enterobacteria associated with diverse clinical diseases in domestic animals. However, Proteus infections in domestic animals are often misdiagnosed or considered contaminants in microbiological cultures rather than a primary agent of disease. Descriptions of Proteus infections in domestic animals are typically restricted to case reports, retrospective studies, or surveillance of other microorganisms. The present study investigated multiple antibiotic resistance indices, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and ESBL production in 73 strains of Proteus mirabilis (n = 69) and Proteus vulgaris (n = 4) isolated from domestic animals with various clinical manifestations. In dogs, the pathogen was most commonly associated with cystitis (48.21), enteritis (21.42%), otitis (14.29%), and conjunctivitis (3.57%). In bovines, the microorganism was predominant in cases of enteritis (22.22%), abscess (11.11%), otitis (11.11%), omphalitis (11.11%), and peritonitis (11.11%), and in organ fragments (11.11%). In equines (50.0%) and cats (100.0%), diarrhea was the main clinical sign. In vitro standard disk diffusion assay showed that the most effective antimicrobials against the isolates were imipenem (98.63), norfloxacin (95.89), amikacin (95.89), levofloxacin (90.41), ceftriaxone (87.64), and florfenicol (87.67). In contrast, the isolates commonly showed resistance to novobiocin (95.89), azithromycin (57.53), and trimethropim/sulfamethoxazole (39.73). Among the 73 isolates, the efficacy of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin according to MICs was 87.67%, 86.30%, 84.93%, and 82.19%, respectively. The MIC50 values of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were, respectively, 1.0, 0.004, 0.03, and 1.0 µg/mL. Thirty-three strains (45.21%) showed a antimicrobial multiple resistance index of ? 0.3. Multidrug resistance profiles of isolates were observed most frequently in dogs (n = 25; 75.76%), particularly in those with cystitis (n = 13; 52.0%), followed by bovines (n = 4; 12.12%), equines (n = 2; 6.06%), and cats (n = 2; 6.06%). Two (2.7%) strains, obtained from canine skin and feces, were diagnosed phenotypically as ESBL-producers. Here, we observed the diversity of Proteus infections in domestic animals. The presence of multidrug-resistant isolates and ESBL-producers reinforces the need for appropriate antimicrobial use and in vitro antimicrobial tests to support therapy.Proteus spp. são enterobactérias oportunistas, multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos, associadas a diversas infecções em animais domésticos. No entanto, as infecções por Proteus em animais de produção e de companhia são negligenciadas ou, por vezes, o patógeno é considerado “contaminante”, ainda que em infecções como agente primário. Os registros de infecções por Proteus sp. em animais domésticos estão restritos aos relatos de casos, estudos retrospectivos ou compondo estudos com outros micro-organismos. O presente estudo investigou o índice de resistência múltipla (IRMA) e a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 73 Proteus mirabilis (n=69) e Proteus vulgaris (n=4) a diferentes antimicrobianos, bem com a produção fenotípica de ESBL, em isolados obtidos de várias manifestações clínicas em animais domésticos. Em cães, o micro-organismo foi identificado predominantemente em casos de cistite (48,21%), enterite (21,42%), otite (14,29%) e conjuntivite (3,57%). Nos bovinos, o agente foi isolado predominantemente de casos enterite (22,22%), abscesso (11,11%), otite (11,11%), onfalite (11,11%), peritonite (11,11%), metrite (11,11%) e em fragmento de órgão (11,11%). Nos equinos (50,0%) e felinos (100,0%) o micro-organismo foi isolado principalmente de enterite. A maior sensibilidade dos isolados no teste “in vitro” de difusão com discos foi observada para imipeném (98,63%), norfloxacino (95,89%), amicacina (95,89%), levofloxacino (90,41%), ceftriaxona (87,64%) e florfenicol (87,67%), enquanto a maior resistência das linhagens foi observada para novobiocina (95,89%), azitromicina (57,53%) e sulfametoxazole-trimetropim (39,73%). Dentre as 73 linhagens, a eficácia da amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, gentamicina, ceftriaxona e ciprofloxacino utilizando o teste de CIM foi, respectivamente, 87,67%, 86,30%, 84,93% e 82,19%. A CIM50 para amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, ceftriaxona, ciprofloxaicno e gentamicina foi, respectivamente, 1,0 µg/mL, 0,004 µg/mL, 0,03 µg/mL e 1,0 µg/mL. O índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos (IRMA ? 0,3) foi observado em 33 (45,21%) linhagens, variando entre 0,1 a 1. Entre os isolados com perfis de multirresistência, a maior ocorrência foi observada em cães (n=25; 75,76%), particularmente em animais com cistite (n=13; 52,0%), seguido pelos bovinos (n=4; 12,12%), equinos (n=2; 6,06%) e felinos (n=2; 6,06%). A presença fenotípica de ESBL foi identificada em dois (2,7%) isolados obtidos de dermatite e fezes de cães. Infere-se a diversidade de infecções causadas por Proteus em animais domésticos, a presença de isolados ESBL-positivos e multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos, reforçando a importância da instituição do tratamento do patógeno com respaldo em testes “in vitro” de sensibilidade microbiana e do uso racional de antimicrobianos no tratamento de infecções em animais domésticos