Sympathetic Cooling of a Proton with Resonant Image Current Coupling

This thesis is the realization of the long standing goal of sympathetically cooling single particles with image currents. Particles with no electronic structure such as the bare proton or antiproton, are not amenable to standard laser cooling and manipulation techniques and until now have been cooled only by coupling to cryogenic tank circuits. In measurements of the proton and antiproton g-factor however, the energy splitting used to read out the particle's spin state is larger than thermal energy fluctuations and special techniques are required to perform the measurement. The technique developed here uses a cloud of laser cooled beryllium ions to sympathetically cool a single proton by coupling to, and cooling a mode of the tank circuit. The use of this circuit resonantly enhances the energy exchange between the trapped particles and allows the cooling ions to be separated from the particle of interest over arbitrary distances. This technique, is the first demonstration of sympathetic cooling of a proton and a macroscopic LC circuit to below 25% of the environment temperature. Sympathetically cooled protons and antiprotons with this method enable an improved g-factor measurement by increasing the duty cycle of the experiment. This will further our understanding of matter-antimatter asymmetry by constraining CPT odd new physics and enhancing sensitivity to even more exotic physics. Moreover, the technique presented here has general applications in experiments with trapped charged particles, enabling coupling of a large number of ions, distributed in many separated trapping regions to a single cold resonator

Conservation assessment of the Drakaea livida (Orchidaceae) ecotypes and an evaluation of methods for their identification

Morphologically cryptic taxa must be accounted for when quantifying biodiversity and implementing effective conservation measures. Some orchids pollinated by sexual deception of male insects contain morphologically cryptic ecotypes, such as the warty hammer orchid Drakaea livida (Orchidaceae). This species is comprised of three cryptic pollination ecotypes, which can be distinguished based on differences in pollinator species and floral volatiles. The present study aims were: (a) to investigate the geographic range of the three D. livida ecotypes, enabling assessment of their conservation status; and (b) to test the efficacy of different methods of identifying the D. livida ecotypes. Three methods of ecotype identification were assessed: morphometric analysis, genome size comparison, and analysis of chemical volatile composition of labellum extracts from pollinated flowers. MaxEnt species distribution models revealed that each ecotype has a different predicted geographic range, with small areas of overlap at the range margins. One ecotype is known from just ten populations over a limited geographic area, the majority of which has been cleared for agriculture, and urban development. While there was broad overlap between the ecotypes in individual morphological traits, multivariate analysis of morphological traits provided correct assignment to ecotype in 87% of individuals. Using the labellum of pollinated flowers, screening for volatile chemical compounds associated with particular ecotypes returned an even higher correct assignment rate, of 96.5%. As such, we advocate that the use of volatiles from the labellum of recently pollinated flowers is an effective way to determine the ecotype of unknown individuals of D. livida, with minimal impact on the flowering plant

Medical Command and Control in Sea-Based Operations

During World War II it took the Navy and Marine Corps years to confirm and refine their prewar doctrine for amphibious attack. The labor began with the first U.S. landings at Guadalcanal in August 1942; the resulting doc- trine, organization, tactics, and techniques were subsequently used by the Army in Europe. Early operations in both theaters highlighted the enormous difficul- ties associated with essential medical elements, and it was not until late 1944, perhaps 1945, that these problems were adequately solved

Growth and patterning of laser ablated superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 films on LaAlO3 substrates

A high quality superconducting film on a substrate with a low dielectric constant is desired for passive microwave circuit applications. In addition, it is essential that the patterning process does not effect the superconducting properties of the thin films to achieve the highest circuit operating temperatures. YBa2Cu3O7 superconducting films were grown on lanthanum aluminate substrates using laser ablation with resulting maximum transition temperature (T sub c) of 90 K. The films were grown on a LaAlO3 which was at 775 C and in 170 mtorr of oxygen and slowly cooled to room temperature in 1 atm of oxygen. These films were then processed using photolithography and a negative photoresist with an etch solution of bromine and ethanol. Results are presented on the effect of the processing on T(sub c) of the film and the microwave properties of the patterned films

Conceptualizing throughput legitimacy: procedural mechanisms of accountability, transparency, inclusiveness and openness in EU governance

This symposium demonstrates the potential for throughput legitimacy as a concept for shedding empirical light on the strengths and weaknesses of multi-level governance, as well as challenging the concept theoretically. This article introduces the symposium by conceptualizing throughput legitimacy as an ‘umbrella concept’, encompassing a constellation of normative criteria not necessarily empirically interrelated. It argues that in order to interrogate multi-level governance processes in all their complexity, it makes sense for us to develop normative standards that are not naïve about the empirical realities of how power is exercised within multilevel governance, or how it may interact with legitimacy. We argue that while throughput legitimacy has its normative limits, it can be substantively useful for these purposes. While being no replacement for input and output legitimacy, throughput legitimacy offers distinctive normative criteria— accountability, transparency, inclusiveness and openness— and points towards substantive institutional reforms.Published versio

Three Chemically Distinct Floral Ecotypes in Drakaea livida, an Orchid Pollinated by Sexual Deception of Thynnine Wasps

Sexually deceptive orchids are unusual among plants in that closely related species typically attract different pollinator species using contrasting blends of floral volatiles. Therefore, intraspecific variation in pollinator attraction may also be underpinned by differences in floral volatiles. Here, we tested for the presence of floral ecotypes in the sexually deceptive orchid Drakaea livida and investigated if the geographic range of floral ecotypes corresponded to variation in pollinator availability. Pollinator choice trials revealed the presence of three floral ecotypes within D. livida that each attracts a different species of thynnine wasp as a pollinator. Surveys of pollinator distribution revealed that the distribution of one of the ecotypes was strongly correlated with that of its pollinator, while another pollinator species was present throughout the range of all three ecotypes, demonstrating that pollinator availability does not always correlate with ecotype distribution. Floral ecotypes differed in chemical volatile composition, with a high degree of separation evident in principal coordinate analysis. Some compounds that differed between ecotypes, including pyrazines and (methylthio)phenols, are known to be electrophysiologically active in thynnine wasp antennae. Based on differences in pollinator response and floral volatile profile, the ecotypes represent distinct entities and should be treated as such in conservation management

Smoothed Complexity Theory

Smoothed analysis is a new way of analyzing algorithms introduced by Spielman and Teng (J. ACM, 2004). Classical methods like worst-case or average-case analysis have accompanying complexity classes, like P and AvgP, respectively. While worst-case or average-case analysis give us a means to talk about the running time of a particular algorithm, complexity classes allows us to talk about the inherent difficulty of problems. Smoothed analysis is a hybrid of worst-case and average-case analysis and compensates some of their drawbacks. Despite its success for the analysis of single algorithms and problems, there is no embedding of smoothed analysis into computational complexity theory, which is necessary to classify problems according to their intrinsic difficulty. We propose a framework for smoothed complexity theory, define the relevant classes, and prove some first hardness results (of bounded halting and tiling) and tractability results (binary optimization problems, graph coloring, satisfiability). Furthermore, we discuss extensions and shortcomings of our model and relate it to semi-random models.Comment: to be presented at MFCS 201

Matchings on infinite graphs

Elek and Lippner (2010) showed that the convergence of a sequence of bounded-degree graphs implies the existence of a limit for the proportion of vertices covered by a maximum matching. We provide a characterization of the limiting parameter via a local recursion defined directly on the limit of the graph sequence. Interestingly, the recursion may admit multiple solutions, implying non-trivial long-range dependencies between the covered vertices. We overcome this lack of correlation decay by introducing a perturbative parameter (temperature), which we let progressively go to zero. This allows us to uniquely identify the correct solution. In the important case where the graph limit is a unimodular Galton-Watson tree, the recursion simplifies into a distributional equation that can be solved explicitly, leading to a new asymptotic formula that considerably extends the well-known one by Karp and Sipser for Erd\"os-R\'enyi random graphs.Comment: 23 page

Role of the Dipole Mode Index in governing the freshwater content within the Bay of Bengal summer Pycnocline.

The Bay of Bengal (BoB) surface layer receives approximately 0.13 million m3/sec (0.13 Sv) of freshwater through a combination of precipitation and river runoff minus evaporation, which then is exported to neighboring seas. Quasi-stationary salinity is established by the import of salty water from the Arabian Sea (AS), primarily within the pycnocline as an estuarine type of circulation. The BoB pycnocline is also affected by low salinity export from the southern Andaman Sea (AndS). We use Argo observations and GODAS reanalysis products to trace the spreading of AS and AndS water within BoB pycnocline during the summer monsoon when the bulk of AS water is imported. We use relative freshwater content (RFWC), which is zero for pure AS water and 1 for pure AndS water. We find significant interannual variability of the RFWC pattern, which relates to the Indian Ocean Dipole, as defined by the Dipole Mode Index (DMI). The position of the Sri Lanka Dome SLD) off the east coast of Sri Lanka varies with DMI: the SLD is farther east during negative DMI, which directs the AS water farther to the east in BoB; whereas during the positive DMI, the AS water is directed to the north. Highlights: - Indian Ocean Dipole impacts the freshwater content within Bay of Bengal pycnocline. - Arabian Sea and Andaman Sea waters regulate the Bay of Bengal pycnocline salinity. - Salty water spreads eastward (northward) during negative (positive) Dipole Mode