13 research outputs found

    Kvalitetsforbedringsprosjekt: Hvordan Þke andelen slagpasienter som behandles pÄ slagenhet pÄ UllevÄl sykehus?

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    Tema/problemstilling: Ca. 15 000 personer rammes av hjerneslag hvert Ă„r. Hjerneslag er den tredje hyppigste Ă„rsaken til dĂžd i Norge, og en dominerende Ă„rsak til alvorlig funksjonshemning. Det foreligger klare retningslinjer for slag og slagbehandling der det presiseres at alle slagpasienter bĂžr behandles ved slagenhet. Ved UllevĂ„l sykehus har det blitt observert at pasienter med mistenkt slag ikke legges direkte inn pĂ„ seksjon for hjerneslag, men heller pĂ„ andre avdelinger. IfĂžlge tall fra Norsk hjerneslagregister er andelen slagpasienter ved UllevĂ„l som legges direkte inn pĂ„ seksjon for hjerneslag 73,1 %. Hensikten med prosjektet er Ă„ Ăžke andelen slagpasienter som legges direkte inn pĂ„ seksjon for hjerneslag pĂ„ UllevĂ„l sykehus. Kunnskapsgrunnlag: Vi utformet et PICO-spĂžrsmĂ„l og utfĂžrte et pyramidesĂžk i McMaster PLUS med sĂžkeordene «acute stroke care.» Vi fant retningslinjer fra UpToDate, BMJ i tillegg til nasjonale retningslinjer for behandling og rehabilitering ved hjerneslag fra 2010, som er basert pĂ„ en Cochrane review «Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke.» I sistnevnte har behandling i slagenhet vs. annen avdeling vist Ă„ ha effekt bĂ„de pĂ„ dĂždelighet og alvorlige funksjonshemninger med en absolutt risikoreduksjon (ARR) for dĂžd og dĂžd eller alvorlig funksjonshemning pĂ„ hhv. 4 % og 4,7 %. Disse kildene er i trĂ„d med hverandre og anbefaler behandling i slagenhet heller enn andre avdelinger. Tiltak/kvalitetsindikator: VĂ„rt tiltak dreier seg om at alle pasienter med mistenkt slag skal undersĂžkes av nevrolog i akuttmottaket og dermed heve terskelen for innleggelse pĂ„ seksjon for hjerneslag. Dette er allerede beskrevet i prosedyre «Hjerneslag – diagnostikk og behandling» fra 2015, og er utarbeidet av dr. Sigurd Vatne. I tillegg skal LIS i nevrologi avgjĂžre hvilke pasienter som skal flyttes til denne sengeposten. Som kvalitetsindikator har vi valgt en prosessindikator. Denne mĂ„ler andelen slagpasienter som legges direkte inn pĂ„ seksjon for hjerneslag. Ledelse/organisering: Prosjektet er planlagt Ă„ foregĂ„ over tolv mĂ„neder med vurderinger etter tre og seks mĂ„neder. Forbedringsprosjektet vil bli ledet av en prosjektgruppe, som har overordnet ansvar for prosess, organisering, evaluering og mĂ„lsetting. Den vil bestĂ„ av representanter fra klinikkledelsen, seksjon for hjerneslag (enhetsleder, fagansvarlig lege, fysioterapeut og sykepleier) samt akuttmottaket (koordinator, indremedisiner og nevrolog). Det vil ogsĂ„ vĂŠre en implementeringsgruppe som vil ha ansvaret for implementering av prosjektet. Denne gruppen vil bestĂ„ av representanter som er involvert i pasientflyten: akuttmottaket (koordinator, indremedisiner og nevrolog) og seksjon for hjerneslag (lege, sykepleier og enhetsleder). Det overordnete mĂ„let er at 90 % av akutte slagpasienter innlegges direkte pĂ„ seksjon for hjerneslag med delmĂ„l. DelmĂ„lene er at etter tre mĂ„neder skal 80 % av akutte slagpasienter innlegges direkte pĂ„ seksjon for hjerneslag, og etter seks mĂ„neder skal andelen vĂŠre 90 %. For Ă„ evaluere om delmĂ„l og overordnet mĂ„l er nĂ„dd, skal implementeringsgruppen hver fjerde uke innhente informasjon fra DIPS om bĂ„de antall pasienter som legges inn med slag som hoveddiagnose, og hvor disse primĂŠrt legges inn etter akuttmottaket. Implementeringsgruppen vil presentere resultater etter tre, seks og tolv mĂ„neder for prosjektgruppen. Det vil ogsĂ„ gis personlig tilbakemelding til legen ansvarlig for innleggelse i akuttmottaket nĂ„r det har skjedd et avvik (slagpasient ikke lagt inn pĂ„ seksjon for hjerneslag). Gjennom hele prosjektet vil det vĂŠre mulig for tilbakemeldinger fra involverte aktĂžrer. Etter hver evaluering vil prosjektgruppen ta stilling til om det er nĂždvendig Ă„ justere tiltaket, behov for nytt tiltak eller behov for mer tid for Ă„ se effekt. Diskusjon/konklusjon: Det er klar evidens for mindre dĂždelighet og alvorlig funksjonshemning ved behandling i slagenhet vs. andre avdelinger. PrimĂŠrtiltaket vi har valgt retter seg mot tidlig diagnostikk og avklaring av pasienter som legges inn pĂ„ seksjon for hjerneslag. Ved hjelp av dette tiltaket hĂ„per vi Ă„ heve kvaliteten pĂ„ slagbehandling pĂ„ UllevĂ„l sykehus. Vi mener prosjektet er gjennomfĂžrbart. Det er konkret og lite ressurskrevende. GjennomfĂžrbarheten er avhengig av en rekke faktorer som inkl. tilstrekkelig endringsvilje og synliggjĂžring av viktigheten av prosjektet. Det kan forventes at motstand oppleves ved at det blir en Ăžkt arbeidsbelastning pĂ„ nevrologer, gĂ„ ut over andre pasientgrupper og sengekapasitet pĂ„ andre avdelinger. Det er derfor viktig at alle berĂžrte parter er involvert

    New tie-points for the geomagnetic polarity time scale during the Middle Miocene from the MogĂĄn Group on Gran Canaria and Ocean Drilling Program Leg 157 site 953

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    A thick sequence of volcaniclastic sediments drilled at site 953 during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 157 northeast of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) contains an almost complete magneto-stratigraphy back to the shield stage of the island 14.8 Ma ago. Onshore, a sequence of reversals has been identified and dated in 19 dominantly peralkaline rhyolitic ignimbrites, one rhyolitic, and one basaltic lava flow of the MogĂĄn Group (13.35–13.95 Ma), which overlie basalt flows of the island's shield stage (>14 Ma). The magneto-stratigraphy of the ignimbrites onshore has been correlated with the marine magneto-stratigraphy at site 953, determined in syn-ignimbritic volcaniclastic turbidites, which were deposited practically synchronously immediately following the entry of the parent pyroclastic flows into the sea around the circumference of the island. The four polarity intervals recorded in the sequence of the MogĂĄn Group ignimbrites correspond to C5ACr, C5ACn, C5ADr and C5ADn. Single crystal 40Ar/39Ar-age determinations of the ignimbrites bracketing the polarity changes gave the following ages and uncertainties for the reversals C5AD (t) (13.95±0.07 Ma), C5AC(o) (13.89±0.08 Ma), and C5AC(t) (13.47±0.09 Ma). The newly dated polarity changes fit and refine the Miocene age model proposed in the global polarity time scale

    High expression of SCHLAP1 in primary prostate cancer is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence, despite substantial heterogeneity

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    In primary prostate cancer, the common multifocality and heterogeneity are major obstacles in finding robust prognostic tissue biomarkers. The long noncoding RNA SCHLAP1 has been suggested, but its prognostic value has not been investigated in the context of tumor heterogeneity. In the present study, expression of SCHLAP1 was investigated using real-time RT-PCR in a multisampled series of 778 tissue samples from radical prostatectomies of 164 prostate cancer patients (median follow-up time 7.4 y). The prognostic value of SCHLAP1 was evaluated with biochemical recurrence as endpoint.In total, 29% of patients were classified as having high expression of SCHLAP1 in at least one malignant sample. Among these, inter- and intrafocal heterogeneity was detected in 72% and 56%, respectively. High expression of SCHLAP1 was shown to be a predictor of biochemical recurrence in both uni- and multivariable cox regression analyses (P < 0.001 and P = 0.02). High expression of SCHLAP1 was also significantly associated with adverse clinicopathological characteristics, including grade group, high pT stage, invasive cribriform growth/intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, and reactive stroma. In conclusion, high expression of SCHLAP1 in at least one malignant sample is a robust prognostic biomarker in primary prostate cancer. For the first time, high SCHLAP1 expression has been associated with the aggressive histopathologic feature reactive stroma. The expression of SCHLAP1 is highly heterogeneous, and analysis of multiple samples is therefore crucial in determination of the SCHLAP1 status of a patient

    In situ expression of ERG protein in the context of tumor heterogeneity identifies prostate cancer patients with inferior prognosis

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    Prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer are needed to improve prediction of disease course and guide treatment decisions. However, biomarker development is complicated by the common multifocality and heterogeneity of the disease. We aimed to determine the prognostic value of candidate biomarkers transcriptional regulator ERG and related ETS family genes, while considering tumor heterogeneity. In a multisampled, prospective, and treatment-naïve radical prostatectomy cohort from one tertiary center (2010–2012, median follow-up 8.1 years), we analyzed ERG protein (480 patients; 2047 tissue cores), and RNA of several ETS genes in a subcohort (165 patients; 778 fresh-frozen tissue samples). Intra- and interfocal heterogeneity was identified in 29% and 33% (ERG protein) and 39% and 27% (ETS RNA) of patients, respectively. ERG protein and ETS RNA was identified exclusively in a nonindex tumor in 31% and 32% of patients, respectively. ERG protein demonstrated independent prognostic value in predicting biochemical (P = 0.04) and clinical recurrence (P = 0.004) and appeared to have greatest prognostic value for patients with Grade Groups 4–5. In conclusion, when heterogeneity is considered, ERG protein is a robust prognostic biomarker for prostate cancer

    Comparative evaluation of circular truncated-cone and paraboloid shapes for thermal energy storage tanks based on thermal stratification performance

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    In solar water heating systems, geometrical configurations of thermal energy storage (TES) play a crucial role in the enhancement of system performances. Upon conducting a thorough study on the influence of different shapes and aspect ratios of TES tanks, the present study focuses on the choice of suitable TES tank geometry based on the key performance parameters, viz. Richardson number, stratification number, storage efficiency and the initial thermocline thickness. Thermal stratification characteristics are investigated and analyzed in detail for three chosen shapes of TES, namely truncated-cone, paraboloid, and cylinder, using a two-dimensional unsteady numerical model. Results of the numerical model on cylindrical TES is found to have good agreement with the findings of the in-house experiments. With increasing aspect ratio (AR) of the paraboloid and truncated cone TES tanks, initial thermocline thickness and the energy losses increase, whereas, Richardson number and average stratification number decrease, indicating better stratification performance in storage tanks with lower AR. However, there is a limit on reducing the AR. At every AR investigated for the two shapes of TES, Richardson number for the paraboloid TES is greater than that of the truncated-cone TES, qualitatively suggesting a better temperature stratification in the paraboloid TES. The effect of flow rate on the thermal stratification characteristics is also studied, which suggests that increasing the flow rate enhances mixing and deteriorates stratification. The findings can be used as guidelines for designing TES with improved thermal performance

    A type 2 ryanodine receptor variant associated with reduced Ca2+ release and short-coupled torsades de pointes ventricular arrhythmia

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    BackgroundVentricular fibrillation may be caused by premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) whose coupling intervals are <300 ms, a characteristic of the short-coupled variant of torsades de pointes (scTdP).ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to analyze the underlying cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) variants in patients with scTdP.MethodsSeven patients with scTdP (mean age 34 ± 12 years; 4 men and 3 women) were enrolled in this study. The RyR2 gene was screened by targeted gene sequencing methods; variant minor allele frequency was confirmed in 3 databases; and the pathogenicity was investigated in silico analysis using multiple tools. The activity of wild-type and mutant RyR2 channels was evaluated by monitoring Ca2+ signals of HEK293 cells with a [3H]ryanodine binding assay.ResultsThe mean coupling interval of PVCs was 282 ± 13 ms. The 12-lead electrocardiogram had no specific findings except PVCs with an extremely short-coupling interval. Genetic analysis revealed 3 novel RyR2 variants and 1 polymorphism, all located in the cytoplasmic region. p.Ser4938Phe was not detected in 3 databases, and in silico analysis indicated its pathogenicity. In functional analysis, p.Ser4938Phe demonstrated loss of function and impaired RyR2 channel Ca2+ release, while 2 other variants, p.Val1024Ile and p.Ala2673Val, had mild gain-of-function effects but were similar to the polymorphism p.Asn1551Ser.ConclusionWe identified an RyR2 variant associated with reduced Ca2+ release and short-coupled torsades de pointes ventricular arrhythmia. The mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis remain unclear

    Ultrasound imaging modalities

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    After a short introduction on generation and propagation of ultrasound waves, this chapter presents and discusses currently available and emerging ultrasound imaging modalities, such as standard modes in one, two, and three dimensions; Doppler and nonlinear imaging, including also the use of ultrasound contrast agents; and quantitative imaging, ranging from tissue characterization by analysis of speckle, strain, and elastic properties of tissue to perfusion imaging quantification. Emerging imaging modalities, such as molecular imaging (and treatment) by targeted agents and hybrid (photo- and magnetoacoustics) imaging, are also presented. Each technique is discussed with the aim of bridging basic principles with implementation and clinical application and relevance
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