Stratégies d’approvisionnement en eau dans l’agglomération gallo-romaine de Cassinomagus (Chassenon, Charente)

Le but de cette étude était de retrouver les ressources en eau en contexte de métamorphisme de choc (astroblème de Rochechouart-Chassenon), de reconstituer l’organisation spatiale des structures gallo-romaines de Cassinomagus, implantées à Chassenon, et de tenter de comprendre les relations entre les constructions gallo-romaines et les ressources en eau. Nous avons répondu à cette problématique par la réalisation de prospections géophysiques. La réalisation de prospections électriques et magnétiques à maille fine, couplées à des mesures de susceptibilité magnétique, ont permis d’entrevoir l’extension du bâtiment thermal, l’agencement des quartiers privés à proximité du complexe monumental ainsi que l’extension du réseau hydraulique superficiel. Le traitement des sondages électromagnétiques à maille large a permis de produire des cartes de résistivité électrique pour différentes profondeurs de terrains ; ces cartes ont révélé la présence d’un aquifère dans les impactites et ont montré d’étroites relations entre la position du captage, des galeries drainantes et l’extension des formations aquifères.The aim of this study was to determine water resources in a shock-metamorphism context (Rochechouart-Chassenon meteorite crater), to investigate the spatial extent of Gallo-roman buried structures of Cassinomagus and to try to understand relationships between various Gallo-roman buildings and water resources. We have conformed to this problematic by the realisation of geophysical surveys. The magnetic and electric surveys and measures of magnetic susceptibility highlight archaeological buried structures as extension of thermae, the organization of domestic dwellings near the monumental complex and the extent of hydraulic structures. Electromagnetic soundings indicate the presence of a subsurface aquifer and reveal connexions between its geometry and the water catchment area

Prediction and experimental evidence of the optimisation of the angular branching process in the thallus growth of Podospora anserina

Based upon apical growth and hyphal branching, the two main processes that drive the growth pattern of a fungal network, we propose here a two-dimensions simulation based on a binary-tree modelling allowing us to extract the main characteristics of a generic thallus growth. In particular, we showed that, in a homogeneous environment, the fungal growth can be optimized for exploration and exploitation of its surroundings with a specific angular distribution of apical branching. Two complementary methods of extracting angle values have been used to confront the result of the simulation with experimental data obtained from the thallus growth of the saprophytic filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. Finally, we propose here a validated model that, while being computationally low-cost, is powerful enough to test quickly multiple conditions and constraints. It will allow in future works to deepen the characterization of the growth dynamic of fungal network, in addition to laboratory experiments, that could be sometimes expensive, tedious or of limited scope.Comment: Submitted to Scientific Repor

Croissance démographique et changements dans l’occupation du sol : données, concepts, approches

International audiencePrésentation du dossier . Ce dossier regroupe six articles qui ont fait l’objet de présentations et de discussions lors du symposium international ILUS – International Land Use Symposium: Trends and Projections-, qui s’est tenu du 4 au 6 décembre 2019 à Paris

Différenciations socio-spatiales des consommations énergétiques dans l’aire urbaine métropolitaine de Paris (région Ile-de-France)

International audienceThe reconfiguration of rural suburban areas is the most immediate effect of the metropolization process in the Île-de-France region. It also hasconsequences in terms of energy consumption, which is significantly differenciated in landscape, depending both in household incomes and in theway of living

Plan et chronologie des thermes : nouveau bilan

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Plan et chronologie des thermes de Longeas (Charente) : nouveau bilan

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Prediction and experimental evidence of different growth phases of the Podospora anserina hyphal network

Abstract Under ideal conditions, the growth of the mycelial network of a filamentous fungus is monotonous, showing an ever increasing complexity with time. The components of the network growth are very simple and based on two mechanisms: the elongation of each hypha, and their multiplication by successive branching. These two mechanisms are sufficient to produce a complex network, and could be localized only at the tips of hyphae. However, branching can be of two types, apical or lateral, depending on its location on the hyphae, therefore imposing the redistribution of the necessary material in the whole mycelium. From an evolutionary point of view, maintaining different branching processes, with additional energy needs for structure and metabolism, is intriguing. We propose in this work to discuss the advantages of each branching type using a new observable for the network growth, allowing us to compare growth configurations. For this purpose, we build on experimental observations of the Podospora anserina mycelium growth, enabling us to feed and constrain a lattice-free modeling of this network based on a binary tree. First, we report the set of statistics related to the branches of P. anserina that we have implemented into the model. Then, we build the density observable, allowing us to discuss the succession of growth phases. We predict that density over time is not monotonic, but shows a decay growth phase, clearly separated from an other one by a stationary phase. The time of appearance of this stable region appears to be driven solely by the growth rate. Finally, we show that density is an appropriate observable to differentiate growth stress

Analysis of vegetation seasonality in Sahelian environments using MODIS LAI, in association with land cover and rainfall

International audiencePresent-day Sahelian vegetation in a highly anthropized semi-arid region is assessed from local to regional scales, through the joint analysis of MODIS LAI (1 km2 and 8-day resolutions), daily rainfall, morphopedological and land cover datasets covering the period 2000e2008. The study area is located in northwest Senegal and consists of the "Niayes" and the northwestern "Peanut Basin" eco-regions, characterized by market gardening and rain-fed cultivated crops, respectively. The objectives are i) to analyse at pixel scale LAI time series and their relation to vegetation and soil types, ii) the estimation of phenological metrics (start of season SOS, end of season EOS, growing season length GSL) and their interannual variability, iii) to recognize the vegetation responses to rainfall trends (mean annual precipitation, MAP; frequency of rainy events, K; combination of MAP and K, called F). Pixel-scale analyses show that LAI time series 1) describe the actual phenology (agreeing with groundtruth AGHRYMET data), and thus can be used as a proxy for Sahelian vegetation dynamics, 2) are strongly dependent on soil types. Median maps of SOS and EOS suggest an increase of the GSL from Saint-Louis to Dakar, in agreement with both the North-South rainfall gradient and the intensification of agricultural practices around Dakar. Significant correlations (R: 0.64) between annual variation coefficient of LAI and MAP for both herbaceous crops and natural vegetation are highlighted; this correlation is reinforced (R: 0.7) using the rainfall distribution factors K and F. Rainfall thresholds allowing the SOS can be defined for each type of vegetation. These thresholds are estimated at 0e5 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm for natural herbs, herbaceous crops and shrublands, respectively. If previous works revealed the close link between the MAP and the SOS, our results highlight that LAI dynamics are also controlled by rainfall distribution during the Monsoon season. In this study, climatic indicators are proposed for estimating vegetation dynamics and monitoring SOS. Coupling Earth observation data, such as MODIS LAI, with rainfall data, vegetation and soil information is found to be a reliable method for vegetation monitoring and for assessing the impact of human pressure on vegetation degradation

Characterization of spatio-temporal dynamics of the constrained network of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina using a geomatics-based approach.

In their natural environment, fungi are subjected to a wide variety of environmental stresses which they must cope with by constantly adapting the architecture of their growing network. In this work, our objective was to finely characterize the thallus development of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina subjected to different constraints that are simple to implement in vitro and that can be considered as relevant environmental stresses, such as a nutrient-poor environment or non-optimal temperatures. At the Petri dish scale, the observations showed that the fungal thallus is differentially affected (thallus diameter, mycelium aspect) according to the stresses but these observations remain qualitative. At the hyphal scale, we showed that the extraction of the usual quantities (i.e. apex, node, length) does not allow to distinguish the different thallus under stress, these quantities being globally affected by the application of a stress in comparison with a thallus having grown under optimal conditions. Thanks to an original geomatics-based approach based on the use of automatized Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, we were able to produce maps and metrics characterizing the growth dynamics of the networks and then to highlight some very different dynamics of network densification according to the applied stresses. The fungal thallus is then considered as a map and we are no longer interested in the quantity of material (hyphae) produced but in the empty spaces between the hyphae, the intra-thallus surfaces. This study contributes to a better understanding of how filamentous fungi adapt the growth and densification of their network to potentially adverse environmental changes