309 research outputs found
Gender and affiliation differences in topic selection in U.S. congressional speeches
The aim of this paper was to study gender differences in topic choice selection using the corpus of speeches given in the 113th United States Congress. We also looked at whether there are topic choice selection differences with respect to party affiliation and chamber, and finally, whether conversational topics chosen by male and female politicians correlate with any other category we measured in our corpus. The corpus was composed of 672 speeches by the female and 2,983 speeches by the male politicians. The speech transcripts were downloaded from the official repository Thomas and analyzed using the text analysis software Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) to identify the use of vocabulary related to seven conversational topics recorded by LIWC. The data was analyzed both quantitatively, using statistical analysis, and qualitatively, to determine if there are significant gender differences in speech topic selection. The analyses showed that there are overall gender and affiliation differences in topic selection by the male and female politicians in the 113th Congress, some confirming the trend of long-standing prevalence of home-related references in womenās speeches, and death and religion references in menās speeches, others marking a social shift for some of the categories compared to previous studies on the topic, such as the increasing share of references to work, money achievement in womenās speeches, as well as womenās preference for security, and menās preference for competitiveness, as signaled by their lexical choices. Further correlation test results recorded subtler differences which pointed to linguistic changes in stereotypization, such as women signaling less emotion and choosing more formal ways of expression
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. - ambrozija pelenasta
A. artemisiifolia is a cosmopolitan species, widely distributed across all continents. Its biological and ecological properties, as well as the soil and climate characteristics in Serbia, have enabled its dramatic spread in our country, where it has obtained the status of an invasive alien neotophyte species. Due to its high germination rate, fast initial growth and photosynthetic activity and allelopathic effect on neighbouring species, common ragweed is a highly competitive species with a strong spread potential. It is an important weed in row crops, orchards and vineyards, fields where medicinal herbs and alfaalfa are grown, in cereals and fallow fields. It also often grows along the roads, in urban settlements, ruderal habitats and on pastures. It is especially problematic in sunflower fields, where the possibilities of its chemical weed control are very limited due to the relatedness of this species and the crop. In addition to yield losses, it also has a negative effect on the quality of the final agricultural products. Because it is considered a quarantine pest in some countries, it can be a limiting factor for the export of agricultural produce. The pollen of common ragweed, which is a strong allergen, causes serious health issues in humans and animals. The approach in the control of common ragweed differs depending on its presence in agricultural or non-agricultural land. In agricultural land, the aim is to reduce the populations of common ragweed below the threshold where it has negative impacts on the crop, while in non-agricultural land the aim is to conduct its control prior to the flowering period, in order to prevent pollen production and reduce the problems with allergic reactions in the general population. It is necessary to conduct continuous mechanical, physical and chemical control of common ragweed in non-agricultural land, while in crops it is recommended to perform crop rotation, mowing, sowing of clover grass mixtures, apply well-aged manure and employ intensive crop treatment and herbicide application measures. In addition to preventive and direct control measures, which are normally employed in weed control practices, a long-term solution for common ragweed problem would be to also include various administrative measures
Amaranthus retroflexus L. - Å”tir obiÄni
Amaranthus retroflexus is a cosmopolitan species which is widely distributed in 70 countries of the tropical and subtropical zone. It is considered to be the third most represented dicotyledonous weed species worldwide, due to its aggressive growth and vast seed production, as well as its high efficacy of water use, C4 mechanism of photosynthesis and its strong photosynthetic productivity. It is a typical weed in row crops, orchards and vineyards, but can also be found in fallow fields, on field edges and in ruderal habitats. Its harmful effects are expressed through its: 1) reduction in the yield quantity and quality, 2) production of allelopathic chemicals, which affect the crop health, 3) acting as an alternative host for pathogens and insects, 4) toxicity to livestock and 5) production of pollen, which causes allergic reactions in humans. The application of integrated weed management system in the case of this species implies the application of all available control measures (crop rotation, timely and adequate soil cultivation practices, crop protection, adequate fertilization, use of a well-burnt manure, timely application of highly efficient herbicides and the application of alternative control measures, e.g. natural and synthetic mulches, biological substances, physical and other available measures). Out of all of the aforementioned, the agro- technical measures and herbicides are the most often used control measures applied in intensive agricultural practice
Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions using sawdust of deciduous trees as adsorbent.
U disertaciji su prikazani rezultati adsorpcije jona teÅ”kih metala iz sintetiÄkih i
realnih vodenih rastvora koriÅ”Äenjem trine razliÄitih vrsta drveta (bukva, topola, lipa) kao
adsorbensa. Eksperimenti adsorpcije su izvoÄeni u reaktoru sa meÅ”anjem i u adsorpcionoj
koloni. IzvrÅ”ena je karakterizacija trine; odreÄene su fiziÄke, hemijske i fiziÄko-hemijske
osobine.
OdreÄen je sadržaj organskih materija u vodi od ispiranja trine destilisanom vodom
na osnovu hemijske potroŔnje kiseonika (HPK). Dobijena vrednost za HPK je iznosila 0,8
mgO2 dm-3 za trinu bukve, 7,1 mgO2 dm-3 za trinu lipe, 8,4 mgO2 dm-3 za trinu topole.
OdreÄen je sadržaj alkalnih i zemnoalkalnih metala, pre i nakon ispiranja trine
destilisanom vodom, kao i nakon zasiÄenja datim jonima metala.
OdreÄen je i kapacitet izmene katjona (KIK) izmeÄu trine (bukve) i vodene faze,
standardnom metodom jonske izmene sa NH4Cl. Ukupni KIK iznosio je 1,45 mmol Mez+/g
trine (Mez+ ovde predstavlja jone alkalnih i zemnoalkalnih metala). Na osnovu dobijenih
rezultata za KIK dominantan jon u izmenjivom položaju je Ca2+ jon.
OdreÄena je taÄka nultog naelektrisanja (pHzpc), pri Äemu je dobijena vrednost 7,4
za koncentraciju 0,1 M KNO3, odnosno 7,2 za koncentraciju 0,01 M KNO3.
Do porasta pH vrednosti rastvora, tokom ispiranja trine destilisanom vodom,
dolazi usled prelaska H+ jona iz vodene faze u strukturu trine, gde bivaju izmenjeni sa Ca2+
jonima. Porast provodljivosti rastvora, tokom ispiranja trine destilisanom vodom posledica
je porasta koncentracije Na+, K+, Ca2+ i Mg2+ jona u rastvoru koji se ispiranjem
samoizlužuju i prelaze iz strukture trine u vodenu fazu.
Maksimalni kapacitet adsorpcije od 9,6 mg g-1 trine dobijen je za adsorpciju Pb2+
jona na trini, dok je kapacitet adsorpcije Cu2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ , Mn2+ i Fe2+ jona na trini
iznosio 4,5 mg g-1, 4 mg gā1 i 2,45 mg gā1, 2 mg gā1, 1 mg gā1 i 0,35 mg gā1 redom.
UoÄava se da tokom adsorpcije jona Cu2+, Ni2+ i Zn2+ u koloni dolazi do znaÄajnog
poveÄanja pH. Ovakvo ponaÅ”anje rezultat je koadsorpcije jona bakra...The results of adsorption of heavy metal ions from synthetic and real water solutions by
using sawdust are presented in this disertation. Physical, chemical and physico-chemical
characterization of sawdust was carried out.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of rinsed water was determined prior to the
adsorption experiments. The consumption of oxygen was 0.8 mgO2 dm-3 for beach sawdust,
7.1 mgO2 dm-3 for linden sawdust, 8.4 mgO2 dm-3 for poplar sawdust.
The content of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, before and after rinsing of sawdust
with water, and after loading the adsorbent with heavy metal ions was given.
The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of alkali and alkaline-earth metals,
exchanged in the reaction with NH4Cl, was also determined. The determined total CEC of
the beach sawdust was 1.45 mmol Mez+ g-1 (Mez+ denotes exchanged alkali and alkaline
earth metal ions). Based on the CEC results, the dominant ion in the exchangeable position
is Ca2+ ion.
The point of zero charge (pHzpc) was determined. The obtained value was 7.4 for
0.1 M KNO3, i.e., 7.2 for 0.01 M KNO3.
The increase in the initial pH value of the solution, during rinsing sawdust with
distilled water, occurs due to a transfer of H+ ions from the aqueous phase to the molecular
structure of sawdust, to be exchanged there with Ca2+ ions. The increase in the conductivity
of the solution, during rinsing sawdust with distilled water, was due to the increase in the
concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+ i Mg2+ ions in the solution, which were leached from the
sawdust via a leaching mechanism.
The maximum adsorption capacity of 9.6 mg g-1 was achieved for Pb2+ ions,
while the adsorption capacity for Cu2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ , Mn2+ i Fe2+ ions was 4.5 mg g-1, 4
mg g-1 2.45 mg gā1, 2 mg gā1, 1 mg gā1 i 0.35 mg gā1 , respectively..
Isolation and functional characterization of the genes involved in the synthesis of carnosic acid.
Karnozinska kiselina, fenolni diterpen, poseduje brojne bioloŔke
aktivnosti zbog Äega je potencijalno veoma znaÄajna za farmaceutsku
industriju. GrÄka žalfija (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) i ruzmarin (Rosmarinus
officinalis L.) bogati su prirodni izvori ovog jedinjenja. Iako je mnogo toga
poznato u vezi strukture i bioloŔkih aktivnosti karnozinske kiseline,
veoma malo se ne zna o njenom biosintetskom putu u biljkama. Osnovni cilj
disertacije bio je izuÄavanje biosinteze karnozinske kiseline na
molekularnom nivou, izolacijom i funkcionalnom karakterizacijom gena
ukljuÄenih u ovaj proces. U tu svrhu, izvrÅ”ena je analiza postojeÄe cDNK
biblioteke žlezdanih dlaka grÄke žalfije, Å”to je za rezultat imalo
identifikaciju dva gena, nazvanih SfCPS i SfKSL, koji potencijalno
kodiraju diterpen sintaze. Geni kandidati su izolovani i funkcionalno
okarakterisani u bakteriji Escherichia coli Mig., kvascima (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Meyen ex E. C. Hansen) i duvanu (Nicotiana benthamiana Domin).
Heterologa ekpresija gena SfCPS i SfKSL rezultirala je sintezom
miltiradiena, Å”to je utvrÄeno GC-MS analizom i 1D i 2D NMR
spektroskopijom (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY H-H, HMQC i HMBC). Za pronalaženje
preostalih gena odgovornih za biosintezu karnozinske kiseline, obavljeno
je sekvencioniranje transkriptoma grÄke žalfije i ruzmarina, uz
koriÅ”Äenje 454 GS FLX Titanium platforme. Na osnovu rezultata
fitohemijske analize LC-PDA-LTQ-Orbitrap FTMS metodom, žlezdane dlake
mladih listova blago stresiranih biljaka genotipa āKavusiā grÄke žalfije
i žlezdane dlake mlaÄih stadijuma razvoja komercijalnog genotipa
ruzmarina (B & T World Seeds) izabrane su kao biljni materijal za analizu
transkriptoma. Rezultat sekvencioniranja bio je anotacija velikog broja
novih sekvenci, a posebno znaÄajna bila je identifikacija gena
metaboliÄkih puteva povezanih sa sekundarnim metabolizmom. Izolovano je
ukupno 24 gena koji su kodirali za enzime familije citohrom P450 (CYP)
monooksigenaze. Funkcija enzima CYP76Sf2 grÄke žalfije, i CYP76Ro3 i
CYP76Ro4 ruzmarina, kao feruginol sintaza, utvrÄena je esejima
funkcionalne karakterizacije u kvascima i duvanu. Kloniranje i
funkcionalna karakterizacija gena koji svojom zajedniÄkom aktivnoÅ”Äu
dovode do sinteze feruginola kod grÄke žalfije i ruzmarina, pruža osnovu
buduÄim istraživanjima biosintetskog puta karnozinske kiseline. Uz to,
izvrŔena je lokalizacija biosintetskog puta karnozinske kiseline u
žlezdanim dlakama grÄke žalfije i ruzmarina. Priloženi rezultati
doprinose boljem razumevanju metabolizma karnozinske kiseline, i time
omoguÄavaju primenu najsavremenijih biotehnoloÅ”kih metoda za proizvodnju
ovog farmaceutski znaÄajnog jedinjenja.Carnosic acid is a phenolic diterpene potentially highly significant for the pharmaceutical industry, due to its numerous biological activities. Cretan sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) are rich natural sources of this compound. Although the structure and biological activities of carnosic acid are widely known, its biosynthetic pathway in plants remains unexplored. The main aim of the dissertation was to investigate the carnosic acid biosynthesis at the molecular level, by isolating and functionally characterizing the genes involved in this process. For that purpose, the existing Cretan sage trichome cDNA library has been analyzed, which has resulted in the identification of two putative diterpene synthase genes, named SfCPS and SfKSL. The candidate genes were isolated and functionally characterized in Escherichia coli Mig., yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E. C. Hansen) and Nicotiana benthamiana Domin. Heterologous expression of SfCPS and SfKSL genes has resulted in the synthesis of miltiradiene, which has been confirmed by GC-MS analysis and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY H-H, HMQC Šø HMBC). In order to retrieve the remaining genes responsible for the biosynthesis of carnosic acid, the glandular trichomes of Cretan sage and Rosemary have been sequenced using 454 GS FLX Titanium platform. Based on the results of the LC-PDA-LTQ-Orbitrap FTMS phytochemical analysis, glandular trichomes of Cretan sage young leaves (genotype Kavoussi) exposed to mild stress, and glandular trichomes on the Rosemary leaves of the younger developmental stage (commercial genotype B&T
World Seeds), were chosen for the transcriptome analysis..
Gene Flow from Herbicide-Resistant Crops to Wild Relatives
Development of herbicide-resistant (HR) crops is way to overcome problems in weed control due to weed resistance to herbicides and absence of new herbicides with a new mode of action for their control. Three types of HR crops were developed: nontransgenic, transgenic, and multiple HR crops. Cultivation of HR crops is associated not only with many benefits (simplification of weed control, more effective and efficient weed control, higher yields, etc.) but also with various risks (development of HR weeds, development of HR volunteer crops, gene flow from HR crops to susceptible relatives, etc.). The greatest risk is gene flow from HR crops to related weed species, wild relatives or conventional crops of the same species. Unwanted gene flow could be prevented or reduced using different barriers such as isolation in space or time, protective vegetation barriers, male sterility, etc. Sunflower hybrids resistant to herbicides (imidazolinones and sulfonilureas) was developed by conventional breeding methods, and their introduction in Serbian fields has enabled a more efficient control of harmful weed species, but the presence of huge populations of weedy sunflower is the main concern associated with their cultivation, because numerous studies have confirmed gene flow from sunflower to its relatives
Weed Resistance to Herbicides
Unfortunately, herbicide resistance developed shortly after the introduction of the herbicides 2,4āD in 1957. According the herbicide resistance mechanisms, all processes can be grouped as follows: targetāsite resistance, nonātargetāsite resistance, crossāresistance and multipleāresistance. Targetāsite resistance is generally due to a single or several mutations in the gene encoding the herbicideātarget enzyme, which, in turn, decreases the affinity for herbicide binding to that enzyme. Nonātargetāsite resistance is caused by mechanisms that reduce the amount of herbicidal active compound before it can attack the plant through the reduced absorption or altered translocation, increased herbicide sequestration or enhanced herbicide metabolism. Crossāresistance means that a singleāresistance mechanism causes resistance to several herbicides with some mode of action. Multipleāresistance is a situation where two or more resistance mechanisms are present within the same plant, often due to sequential selection by herbicides with different modes of action. Currently, herbicide resistance has been reported in 478 weed biotypes (252 weed species) in 67 countries. Many of those biotypes are resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, PS II inhibitors, ACCāase inhibitors and EPSPS inhibitors. Strategy for herbicideāresistance weed management must involve all the available preventive, cultural, mechanical and chemical measures for effective, safe and costāeffective weed control
Isolation and functional characterization of the genes involved in the synthesis of carnosic acid.
Karnozinska kiselina, fenolni diterpen, poseduje brojne bioloŔke
aktivnosti zbog Äega je potencijalno veoma znaÄajna za farmaceutsku
industriju. GrÄka žalfija (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) i ruzmarin (Rosmarinus
officinalis L.) bogati su prirodni izvori ovog jedinjenja. Iako je mnogo toga
poznato u vezi strukture i bioloŔkih aktivnosti karnozinske kiseline,
veoma malo se ne zna o njenom biosintetskom putu u biljkama. Osnovni cilj
disertacije bio je izuÄavanje biosinteze karnozinske kiseline na
molekularnom nivou, izolacijom i funkcionalnom karakterizacijom gena
ukljuÄenih u ovaj proces. U tu svrhu, izvrÅ”ena je analiza postojeÄe cDNK
biblioteke žlezdanih dlaka grÄke žalfije, Å”to je za rezultat imalo
identifikaciju dva gena, nazvanih SfCPS i SfKSL, koji potencijalno
kodiraju diterpen sintaze. Geni kandidati su izolovani i funkcionalno
okarakterisani u bakteriji Escherichia coli Mig., kvascima (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Meyen ex E. C. Hansen) i duvanu (Nicotiana benthamiana Domin).
Heterologa ekpresija gena SfCPS i SfKSL rezultirala je sintezom
miltiradiena, Å”to je utvrÄeno GC-MS analizom i 1D i 2D NMR
spektroskopijom (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY H-H, HMQC i HMBC). Za pronalaženje
preostalih gena odgovornih za biosintezu karnozinske kiseline, obavljeno
je sekvencioniranje transkriptoma grÄke žalfije i ruzmarina, uz
koriÅ”Äenje 454 GS FLX Titanium platforme. Na osnovu rezultata
fitohemijske analize LC-PDA-LTQ-Orbitrap FTMS metodom, žlezdane dlake
mladih listova blago stresiranih biljaka genotipa āKavusiā grÄke žalfije
i žlezdane dlake mlaÄih stadijuma razvoja komercijalnog genotipa
ruzmarina (B & T World Seeds) izabrane su kao biljni materijal za analizu
transkriptoma. Rezultat sekvencioniranja bio je anotacija velikog broja
novih sekvenci, a posebno znaÄajna bila je identifikacija gena
metaboliÄkih puteva povezanih sa sekundarnim metabolizmom. Izolovano je
ukupno 24 gena koji su kodirali za enzime familije citohrom P450 (CYP)
monooksigenaze. Funkcija enzima CYP76Sf2 grÄke žalfije, i CYP76Ro3 i
CYP76Ro4 ruzmarina, kao feruginol sintaza, utvrÄena je esejima
funkcionalne karakterizacije u kvascima i duvanu. Kloniranje i
funkcionalna karakterizacija gena koji svojom zajedniÄkom aktivnoÅ”Äu
dovode do sinteze feruginola kod grÄke žalfije i ruzmarina, pruža osnovu
buduÄim istraživanjima biosintetskog puta karnozinske kiseline. Uz to,
izvrŔena je lokalizacija biosintetskog puta karnozinske kiseline u
žlezdanim dlakama grÄke žalfije i ruzmarina. Priloženi rezultati
doprinose boljem razumevanju metabolizma karnozinske kiseline, i time
omoguÄavaju primenu najsavremenijih biotehnoloÅ”kih metoda za proizvodnju
ovog farmaceutski znaÄajnog jedinjenja.Carnosic acid is a phenolic diterpene potentially highly significant for the pharmaceutical industry, due to its numerous biological activities. Cretan sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) are rich natural sources of this compound. Although the structure and biological activities of carnosic acid are widely known, its biosynthetic pathway in plants remains unexplored. The main aim of the dissertation was to investigate the carnosic acid biosynthesis at the molecular level, by isolating and functionally characterizing the genes involved in this process. For that purpose, the existing Cretan sage trichome cDNA library has been analyzed, which has resulted in the identification of two putative diterpene synthase genes, named SfCPS and SfKSL. The candidate genes were isolated and functionally characterized in Escherichia coli Mig., yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E. C. Hansen) and Nicotiana benthamiana Domin. Heterologous expression of SfCPS and SfKSL genes has resulted in the synthesis of miltiradiene, which has been confirmed by GC-MS analysis and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY H-H, HMQC Šø HMBC). In order to retrieve the remaining genes responsible for the biosynthesis of carnosic acid, the glandular trichomes of Cretan sage and Rosemary have been sequenced using 454 GS FLX Titanium platform. Based on the results of the LC-PDA-LTQ-Orbitrap FTMS phytochemical analysis, glandular trichomes of Cretan sage young leaves (genotype Kavoussi) exposed to mild stress, and glandular trichomes on the Rosemary leaves of the younger developmental stage (commercial genotype B&T
World Seeds), were chosen for the transcriptome analysis..
Rodne razlike u politiÄkim govorima 113. ameriÄkog Kongresa
The main objective of the thesis is to study gender differences in language use in a setting of political speeches. The 113th United States Congress, a legislative branch meeting which lasted from January 2013 until January 2015, was selected. In addition to the meeting being the most recent one, the fact that it was composed of the record number of female participants, namely 450 male and 103 female politicians, was the reason for choosing the 113th Congress. The speech transcripts, downloaded from the official repository The Library of Congress Thomas, were included in the corpus. The corpus was composed of all 100-word uninterrupted speeches. The technical prerequisite for analyzing the speech is for it to be composed of at least 100 words, hence the choice. 672 speeches by the female and 2,983 by the male politicians were included in the analysis. The corpus was analyzed with the text analysis software Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, which calculated the degree to which the politicians used 70 language categories ranging from the word count and grammatical categories to different topics, spoken and punctuation categories. The computational analysis results were uploaded in the software for the statistical analysis Statistical Package for the Social Sciences which was used to do the Mann-Whitney U, independent sample t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, one-way ANOVA and two-tailed Spearman correlation tests. The statistical tests were used to study the differences in language use by the male and the female politicians, i.e. to calculate if the differences were statistically significant. They were also used in examining some intragroup differences and correlations between variables. The quantitative analysis results were interpreted and the possible underlying reasons for the gender differences elaborated on.
The selected tools for the computational and statistical data analysis were proven to be useful. The text analysis software LIWC is a useful tool for the fast and accurate analysis of a large corpus. The pre-established independently rated categories, containing 4,500 words and word stems, provide an unbiased word categorization. Due to their compatibility, LIWC output results are easily uploaded in SPSS, which provides a wide choice of statistical tests, thus making SPSS an excellent supplemental tool. The tools are sufficient for a quantitative data analysis, yet less helpful in results interpretation. To put it differently, the tools provide the information about the difference in frequency and not the contextual usage itself.
In the analysis of the corpus, several major gender differences emerged. The female politicians were shown to be more formal, critical and task-focused, while the male politicians were more socially oriented and elaborative, occupying the floor more than the female politicians. While the female politicians worked on establishing themselves as independent politicians, the male politicians embraced their collective identities. Also, the female politicians focused on raising the awareness of different health issues and providing support for patients and their families, the male politicians focused on the consequences and possible solutions to the problems.Ciljevi i hipoteza
Glavni je cilj ove doktorske disertacije bio utvrditi postoje li razlike u jeziÄnome izražavanju politiÄara i politiÄarki koji su sudjelovali u 113. sazivu ameriÄkoga Kongresa. Osim pobrojavanja i klasificiranja rodnih razlika, cilj je bio izraÄunati statistiÄku znaÄajnost u uporabi odreÄene jeziÄne kategorije. Drugim rijeÄima, cilj je bio odrediti koja je od dviju prouÄavanih skupina ispitanika upotrebljavala svaku od 70 jeziÄnih kategorija viÅ”e i je li ta razlika u uporabi bila statistiÄki znaÄajna ili ne. TakoÄer, jedan je od ciljeva bio istumaÄiti dobivene statistiÄke rezultate nudeÄi moguÄa objaÅ”njenja za rodne razlike u jeziÄnome izražavanju, odnosno u uporabi pojedine jeziÄne kategorije. Osnovna je hipoteza da postoje statistiÄki znaÄajne rodne razlike u jeziÄnome izražavanju politiÄara i politiÄarki koji su sudjelovali u 113. sazivu Kongresa. TakoÄer, pretpostavilo se da Äe politiÄarke, s ciljem uspjeÅ”nijega etabliranja, biti pripremljenije, ozbiljnije i formalnije u iznoÅ”enju svojih ideja, dok Äe politiÄari govoriti duže, biti ekspresivniji i koristiti agresivnije reference.
Metodologija
Korpus istraživanja sastoji se od transkripata govora iz 113. saziva ameriÄkoga Kongresa preuzetih sa službenoga repozitorija govora iz Kongresa Thomas. Repozitorij se sastoji od svih govora iz Doma i Senata, naknadnih replika i objaÅ”njenja politiÄara, rasprava, dnevnih obavijesti, poziva na sjednice, amandmana i naÄina glasovanja. U korpus su istraživanja ukljuÄeni svi neprekinuti govori pojedinoga politiÄara koji ispunjavaju tehniÄki uvjet od najmanje 100 rijeÄi. ToÄnije, 672 govora politiÄarki i 2 983 govora politiÄara, transkribiranih na ukupno 5 504 stranice, ukljuÄeni su u korpus istraživanja. Prije analize, transkripti su proÄiÅ”Äeni slijedeÄi službene tehniÄke upute.
Istraživanje se sastojalo od dvaju dijelova ā kvantitativnoga i kvalitativnoga. U kvantitativnome su se dijelu istraživanja provele dvije analize. Prvo se provela raÄunalna analiza korpusa primjenom programskoga alata Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count.
Programski alat analiza svaku pojedinaÄnu rijeÄ u korpusu i usporeÄuje ju sa svojim unutarnjim rjeÄnikom koji se sastoji od 4 500 rijeÄi i korijena rijeÄi. Unutarnji je rjeÄnik sastavio panel nezavisnih struÄnjaka, a odabir su i kategorizacija rijeÄi za uvrÅ”tavanje u rjeÄnik proÅ”li nekoliko procjenjivaÄkih etapa. Nakon Å”to programski alat usporedi svaku rijeÄ s pojavnicama u svome rjeÄniku, svrstava ih u 80 kategorija koje se kreÄu od prebrojavanja rijeÄi i gramatiÄkih kategorija do tematskih i interpunkcijskih kategorija. Za potrebe se ovoga istraživanja odabralo 70 kategorija koje nudi spomenuti programski alat.
Rezultati raÄunalne analize uÄitani su u programski alat za statistiÄku analizu podataka Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Kako bi se odabrali adekvatni testovi za statistiÄku analizu, prvo je proveden test distribucije podataka kontinuiranih varijabli. Nadalje, s obzirom na postavljena istraživaÄka pitanja, u programskome su se alatu koristili Mann-Whitney U i t-test za nezavisne uzorke. TakoÄer, koriÅ”teni su i jednosmjerna analiza varijance ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis te
Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije kako bi se napravila podloga i predložio smjer buduÄih istraživanja u podruÄju.
U kvalitativnome su se dijelu istraživanja interpretirali rezultati dobiveni statistiÄkom analizom te objaÅ”njavali razlozi rodnih razlika u koriÅ”tenju pojedine varijable uzimajuÄi u obzir kontekst govora i koristeÄi kritiÄku analizu diskursa.
Rezultati i zakljuÄci
KoriÅ”teni programski alati pokazali su se korisnima za kvantitativnu analizu podataka. LIWC je koristan programski alat koji omoguÄava brzu, toÄnu i nepristranu kategorizaciju rijeÄi i raÄunalnu analizu. Posebno je pogodan za analize na velikome korpusu. S obzirom na kompatibilnost dvaju programskih alata, rezultati raÄunalne analize lako se mogu uÄitati u programski alat za statistiÄku obradu podataka SPSS koji omoguÄava Å”irok izbor parametrijskih i neparametrijskih testova. MeÄutim, programski alat SPSS može samo dati odgovor na pitanje o frekvenciji koriÅ”tenja kontinuiranih varijabli i statistiÄkoj znaÄajnosti, ali ne i o kontekstualnoj uporabi pojedine varijable. Drugim rijeÄima, ukoliko je istraživaÄko pitanje koja od dviju ili viÅ”e promatranih skupina upotrebljava pojedinu varijablu viÅ”e i je li razlika u uporabi statistiÄki znaÄajna, programski alati LIWC i SPSS mogu se koristiti kao glavna sredstva u istraživanja. No, ukoliko, pored spomenutoga, istraživaÄko pitanje ukljuÄuje i razloge za uporabu pojedine varijable, programski se alati mogu koristiti samo kao pomoÄna sredstva u istraživanju.
Po provedbi raÄunalne, statistiÄke i kontekstualne analize korpusa, donijelo se nekoliko glavnih zakljuÄaka u vezi s rodnim razlikama u jeziÄnoj uporabi na korpusu govora iz 113. saziva ameriÄkoga Kongresa. PolitiÄarke su imale ozbiljniji pristup formalnije se obraÄajuÄi predsjedavajuÄem te obrazlažuÄi razloge svoga govora, dok su politiÄari svoje govore ÄeÅ”Äe zapoÄinjali tehnikom in medias res. PolitiÄarke su bile kritiÄnije u svojim govorima, koristile složeniji vokabular i viÅ”e primjera vezanih uz posao, dok su politiÄari proveli viÅ”e vremena za govornicom i nerijetko iznosili primjere iz privatnoga života. Kontekstualnom se analizom uporabe zamjenica može zakljuÄiti da politiÄarke rade na etabliranju sebe kao nezavisnih sudionika politiÄke scene, dok politiÄari spremnije prihvaÄaju kolektivni identitet pri Äemu ÄeÅ”Äe spominju doprinose svoje grupacije. PolitiÄari su ekspresivniji i ÄeÅ”Äe izražavaju svoje osjeÄaje na razliÄite naÄine tijekom Äega su im govori postajali nesigurniji, dok su politiÄarke usmjerenije na izvrÅ”avanje zadatka. I jedna i druga skupina ispitanika daju veÄi javi prostor osobama muÅ”koga roda. Nadalje, ciljevi govora politiÄarki Äesto su bili orijentirani na podizanje svijesti o odreÄenome problemu i pružanje podrÅ”ke obiteljima oboljelih ili ratnih žrtava, dok su politiÄari djelovali proaktivno ukazujuÄi na posljedice i nudeÄi rjeÅ”enja za odreÄene probleme. I politiÄari i politiÄarke bavili su se pitanjima postignuÄa i uspjeha, no politiÄari su uspjeh promatrali kroz prizmu poražavanja protivnika, dok su se politiÄarke fokusirale na rezultat koji nije ukljuÄivao neÄiji poraz.
MetodoloÅ”ki se okvir i rezultati ovoga istraživanja mogu primijeniti u daljnjim istraživanjima rodnih razlika u politiÄkome diskursu na naÄin da se proÅ”iri korpus, napravi komparativna analiza viÅ”e saziva Kongresa, istraže jeziÄna izražavanja u kongresima drugih zemalja, uvrste nove kategorijske varijable poput stranaÄke pripadnosti, sudjelovanja u izvrÅ”noj ili zakonodavnoj vlasti i sl
Rodne razlike u politiÄkim govorima 113. ameriÄkog Kongresa
The main objective of the thesis is to study gender differences in language use in a setting of political speeches. The 113th United States Congress, a legislative branch meeting which lasted from January 2013 until January 2015, was selected. In addition to the meeting being the most recent one, the fact that it was composed of the record number of female participants, namely 450 male and 103 female politicians, was the reason for choosing the 113th Congress. The speech transcripts, downloaded from the official repository The Library of Congress Thomas, were included in the corpus. The corpus was composed of all 100-word uninterrupted speeches. The technical prerequisite for analyzing the speech is for it to be composed of at least 100 words, hence the choice. 672 speeches by the female and 2,983 by the male politicians were included in the analysis. The corpus was analyzed with the text analysis software Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, which calculated the degree to which the politicians used 70 language categories ranging from the word count and grammatical categories to different topics, spoken and punctuation categories. The computational analysis results were uploaded in the software for the statistical analysis Statistical Package for the Social Sciences which was used to do the Mann-Whitney U, independent sample t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, one-way ANOVA and two-tailed Spearman correlation tests. The statistical tests were used to study the differences in language use by the male and the female politicians, i.e. to calculate if the differences were statistically significant. They were also used in examining some intragroup differences and correlations between variables. The quantitative analysis results were interpreted and the possible underlying reasons for the gender differences elaborated on.
The selected tools for the computational and statistical data analysis were proven to be useful. The text analysis software LIWC is a useful tool for the fast and accurate analysis of a large corpus. The pre-established independently rated categories, containing 4,500 words and word stems, provide an unbiased word categorization. Due to their compatibility, LIWC output results are easily uploaded in SPSS, which provides a wide choice of statistical tests, thus making SPSS an excellent supplemental tool. The tools are sufficient for a quantitative data analysis, yet less helpful in results interpretation. To put it differently, the tools provide the information about the difference in frequency and not the contextual usage itself.
In the analysis of the corpus, several major gender differences emerged. The female politicians were shown to be more formal, critical and task-focused, while the male politicians were more socially oriented and elaborative, occupying the floor more than the female politicians. While the female politicians worked on establishing themselves as independent politicians, the male politicians embraced their collective identities. Also, the female politicians focused on raising the awareness of different health issues and providing support for patients and their families, the male politicians focused on the consequences and possible solutions to the problems.Ciljevi i hipoteza
Glavni je cilj ove doktorske disertacije bio utvrditi postoje li razlike u jeziÄnome izražavanju politiÄara i politiÄarki koji su sudjelovali u 113. sazivu ameriÄkoga Kongresa. Osim pobrojavanja i klasificiranja rodnih razlika, cilj je bio izraÄunati statistiÄku znaÄajnost u uporabi odreÄene jeziÄne kategorije. Drugim rijeÄima, cilj je bio odrediti koja je od dviju prouÄavanih skupina ispitanika upotrebljavala svaku od 70 jeziÄnih kategorija viÅ”e i je li ta razlika u uporabi bila statistiÄki znaÄajna ili ne. TakoÄer, jedan je od ciljeva bio istumaÄiti dobivene statistiÄke rezultate nudeÄi moguÄa objaÅ”njenja za rodne razlike u jeziÄnome izražavanju, odnosno u uporabi pojedine jeziÄne kategorije. Osnovna je hipoteza da postoje statistiÄki znaÄajne rodne razlike u jeziÄnome izražavanju politiÄara i politiÄarki koji su sudjelovali u 113. sazivu Kongresa. TakoÄer, pretpostavilo se da Äe politiÄarke, s ciljem uspjeÅ”nijega etabliranja, biti pripremljenije, ozbiljnije i formalnije u iznoÅ”enju svojih ideja, dok Äe politiÄari govoriti duže, biti ekspresivniji i koristiti agresivnije reference.
Metodologija
Korpus istraživanja sastoji se od transkripata govora iz 113. saziva ameriÄkoga Kongresa preuzetih sa službenoga repozitorija govora iz Kongresa Thomas. Repozitorij se sastoji od svih govora iz Doma i Senata, naknadnih replika i objaÅ”njenja politiÄara, rasprava, dnevnih obavijesti, poziva na sjednice, amandmana i naÄina glasovanja. U korpus su istraživanja ukljuÄeni svi neprekinuti govori pojedinoga politiÄara koji ispunjavaju tehniÄki uvjet od najmanje 100 rijeÄi. ToÄnije, 672 govora politiÄarki i 2 983 govora politiÄara, transkribiranih na ukupno 5 504 stranice, ukljuÄeni su u korpus istraživanja. Prije analize, transkripti su proÄiÅ”Äeni slijedeÄi službene tehniÄke upute.
Istraživanje se sastojalo od dvaju dijelova ā kvantitativnoga i kvalitativnoga. U kvantitativnome su se dijelu istraživanja provele dvije analize. Prvo se provela raÄunalna analiza korpusa primjenom programskoga alata Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count.
Programski alat analiza svaku pojedinaÄnu rijeÄ u korpusu i usporeÄuje ju sa svojim unutarnjim rjeÄnikom koji se sastoji od 4 500 rijeÄi i korijena rijeÄi. Unutarnji je rjeÄnik sastavio panel nezavisnih struÄnjaka, a odabir su i kategorizacija rijeÄi za uvrÅ”tavanje u rjeÄnik proÅ”li nekoliko procjenjivaÄkih etapa. Nakon Å”to programski alat usporedi svaku rijeÄ s pojavnicama u svome rjeÄniku, svrstava ih u 80 kategorija koje se kreÄu od prebrojavanja rijeÄi i gramatiÄkih kategorija do tematskih i interpunkcijskih kategorija. Za potrebe se ovoga istraživanja odabralo 70 kategorija koje nudi spomenuti programski alat.
Rezultati raÄunalne analize uÄitani su u programski alat za statistiÄku analizu podataka Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Kako bi se odabrali adekvatni testovi za statistiÄku analizu, prvo je proveden test distribucije podataka kontinuiranih varijabli. Nadalje, s obzirom na postavljena istraživaÄka pitanja, u programskome su se alatu koristili Mann-Whitney U i t-test za nezavisne uzorke. TakoÄer, koriÅ”teni su i jednosmjerna analiza varijance ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis te
Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije kako bi se napravila podloga i predložio smjer buduÄih istraživanja u podruÄju.
U kvalitativnome su se dijelu istraživanja interpretirali rezultati dobiveni statistiÄkom analizom te objaÅ”njavali razlozi rodnih razlika u koriÅ”tenju pojedine varijable uzimajuÄi u obzir kontekst govora i koristeÄi kritiÄku analizu diskursa.
Rezultati i zakljuÄci
KoriÅ”teni programski alati pokazali su se korisnima za kvantitativnu analizu podataka. LIWC je koristan programski alat koji omoguÄava brzu, toÄnu i nepristranu kategorizaciju rijeÄi i raÄunalnu analizu. Posebno je pogodan za analize na velikome korpusu. S obzirom na kompatibilnost dvaju programskih alata, rezultati raÄunalne analize lako se mogu uÄitati u programski alat za statistiÄku obradu podataka SPSS koji omoguÄava Å”irok izbor parametrijskih i neparametrijskih testova. MeÄutim, programski alat SPSS može samo dati odgovor na pitanje o frekvenciji koriÅ”tenja kontinuiranih varijabli i statistiÄkoj znaÄajnosti, ali ne i o kontekstualnoj uporabi pojedine varijable. Drugim rijeÄima, ukoliko je istraživaÄko pitanje koja od dviju ili viÅ”e promatranih skupina upotrebljava pojedinu varijablu viÅ”e i je li razlika u uporabi statistiÄki znaÄajna, programski alati LIWC i SPSS mogu se koristiti kao glavna sredstva u istraživanja. No, ukoliko, pored spomenutoga, istraživaÄko pitanje ukljuÄuje i razloge za uporabu pojedine varijable, programski se alati mogu koristiti samo kao pomoÄna sredstva u istraživanju.
Po provedbi raÄunalne, statistiÄke i kontekstualne analize korpusa, donijelo se nekoliko glavnih zakljuÄaka u vezi s rodnim razlikama u jeziÄnoj uporabi na korpusu govora iz 113. saziva ameriÄkoga Kongresa. PolitiÄarke su imale ozbiljniji pristup formalnije se obraÄajuÄi predsjedavajuÄem te obrazlažuÄi razloge svoga govora, dok su politiÄari svoje govore ÄeÅ”Äe zapoÄinjali tehnikom in medias res. PolitiÄarke su bile kritiÄnije u svojim govorima, koristile složeniji vokabular i viÅ”e primjera vezanih uz posao, dok su politiÄari proveli viÅ”e vremena za govornicom i nerijetko iznosili primjere iz privatnoga života. Kontekstualnom se analizom uporabe zamjenica može zakljuÄiti da politiÄarke rade na etabliranju sebe kao nezavisnih sudionika politiÄke scene, dok politiÄari spremnije prihvaÄaju kolektivni identitet pri Äemu ÄeÅ”Äe spominju doprinose svoje grupacije. PolitiÄari su ekspresivniji i ÄeÅ”Äe izražavaju svoje osjeÄaje na razliÄite naÄine tijekom Äega su im govori postajali nesigurniji, dok su politiÄarke usmjerenije na izvrÅ”avanje zadatka. I jedna i druga skupina ispitanika daju veÄi javi prostor osobama muÅ”koga roda. Nadalje, ciljevi govora politiÄarki Äesto su bili orijentirani na podizanje svijesti o odreÄenome problemu i pružanje podrÅ”ke obiteljima oboljelih ili ratnih žrtava, dok su politiÄari djelovali proaktivno ukazujuÄi na posljedice i nudeÄi rjeÅ”enja za odreÄene probleme. I politiÄari i politiÄarke bavili su se pitanjima postignuÄa i uspjeha, no politiÄari su uspjeh promatrali kroz prizmu poražavanja protivnika, dok su se politiÄarke fokusirale na rezultat koji nije ukljuÄivao neÄiji poraz.
MetodoloÅ”ki se okvir i rezultati ovoga istraživanja mogu primijeniti u daljnjim istraživanjima rodnih razlika u politiÄkome diskursu na naÄin da se proÅ”iri korpus, napravi komparativna analiza viÅ”e saziva Kongresa, istraže jeziÄna izražavanja u kongresima drugih zemalja, uvrste nove kategorijske varijable poput stranaÄke pripadnosti, sudjelovanja u izvrÅ”noj ili zakonodavnoj vlasti i sl
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